Breast

Question 1

what is the leading cause of cancer death among women between 40 and 50 years of age?

Answer 1

breast cancer

Question 2

what are the 3 layers of breast tissue?

Answer 2

subcutaneous, mammary/glandular, retromarrary

Question 3

the functional portion of the breast is made of lobes which contain

Answer 3

ducts and milk producing glands

Question 4

most tumors are found

Answer 4

in the upper outer quadrant where there is a higher concentration of lobes
most originate in the ducts

Question 5

what are Cooper’s ligaments

Answer 5

connective tissues in the mammary layer that form a fibrous skeleton responsible for maintaining breast shape

Question 6

what is the primary purpose of screening

Answer 6

detection and diagnosis of breast cancer in its earliest forms

Question 7

how does breast fat appear on ultrasound

Answer 7

hypoechoic to surrounding tissue

Question 8

breast ducts appear as

Answer 8

anechoic tubular structures

Question 9

fibrous components such as Cooper’s ligament appear

Answer 9

as bright linear echoes

Question 10

glandular/parenchymal tissues appear

Answer 10

homogeneous with medium to low level echoes

Question 11

what is gynecomastia

Answer 11

condition in which the ductal elements hypertrophy in the male breast

Question 12

what are the 6 risk factors that can increase a male’s risk of breast cancer

Answer 12

Klinefelter's sydrome
male to female transexual
history of prior chest wall irradiation
history of orchitis or testicular torsion
liver disease
genetic disposition

Question 13

what are the 4 sonographic applications

Answer 13

• determining composition of breast mass
• ruling out presence of lymph node masses that often accompany breast cancer
• evaluating breast implants
• guided aspirations and biopsies as an alternative to surgical procedures

Question 14

spiculations are indicative of

Answer 14

malignancy

Question 15

sonographically spiculations appear

Answer 15

as finger like projections, the walls may look fuzzy or indistinct

Question 16

retraction of the nipple or dimpling of the skin may be caused by

Answer 16

malignant lesions which grow through breast tissue and pull on Cooper’s ligaments

Question 17

if a mass measures longer in AP direction than transverse, the mass has a ______ orientation

Answer 17

vertical and is suspicious for malignancy

Question 18

which is suspicious for malignancy? hyperechoic or hypoechoic

Answer 18

hypoechoic

Question 19

posterior shadowing masses tend to be

Answer 19

malignant

Question 20

is a mass benign or malignant if it tends to roll away when it is palpated

Answer 20

benign

Question 21

if a mass has increased vascularity or vessels penetrate the mass it is probably

Answer 21

malignant

Question 22

what are the 3 symptoms of fibrocystic condition

Answer 22

• lumps and pain that fluctuate with monthly cycle
• both breasts are equally involved
• may affect only one area of the breast

Question 23

how does fibrocystic condition appear on sonography?

Answer 23

multiple round masses seen as multiple cysts

Question 24

what is the most common benign breast tumor

Answer 24

fibroadenoma

Question 25

how does fibroadenoma occur

Answer 25

disturbances of normal hormonal mechanism

Question 26

3 symptoms of fibroadenoma

Answer 26

firm rubbery freely mobile

Question 27

5 sonographic findings of fibroadenoma

Answer 27

``` round or oval smooth or lobulated low level homogeneous echoes usually hypoechoic posterior enhancement ```

Question 28

mastitis may result from (3)

Answer 28

infection trauma mechanical obstruction in breast ducts

Question 29

3 symptoms of mastitis

Answer 29

enlarged breasts reddened breasts tenderness

Question 30

where will carcinoma most often occur

Answer 30

upper outer quadrant

Question 31

4 symptoms of carcinoma

Answer 31

hard fixed mass nipple discharge nipple itching or burning change in breast symmetry or size

Question 32

5 sonographic findings of carcinoma

Answer 32

``` hypoechoic angled, irregular margins, microlobulation posterior shadowing calcifications taller than wide ```

Question 33

what is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

Answer 33

cancer cells present in ducts but haven't spread through walls into tissue

Question 34

2 sonographic findings for DCIS

Answer 34

ductal enlargement | calcifications within duct

Question 35

what is invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or infiltrating ductal carcinoma

Answer 35

begins in ducts and invades fatty tissue | has potential to metastasize via bloodstream and lymphatic system

Question 36

3 sonographic findings for IDC

Answer 36

solid hypoechoic posterior shadowing irregular and ill defined

Question 37

IDC accounts for ______ of all breast cancers

Answer 37

80%

Question 38

infiltrating lobular carcinoma accounts for less than _____ of all breast cancers

Answer 38

10%

Question 39

3 sonographic findings of infiltrating lobular carcinoma

Answer 39

hypoechoic irregular, angle shaped margins posterior enhancement possible