Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Abdominal > Scrotal Patho > Flashcards

Scrotal Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Why can scrotal traumas be difficult to scan?

A

scrotum is often painful and swollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes scrotal trauma?

A
  • MVA
  • athletic injury
  • direct blow
  • straddle injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Goal for sonographer:

A

see if rupture of scrotum has occurred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much of the testes can be saved if surgery on ruptured testicle performed within 72 hours?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percent of ruptured testicles can be saved if surgery is performed after 72 hours?

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Son findings of scrotal rupture

A
  • focal alteration of the testicular parenchymal pattern
  • interruption of the tunica albuginea
  • irregular scrotal contour
  • scrotal wall thickening
  • hematocele
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a scrotal hematocele?

A

blood located between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can scrotal hematocele result from?

A

bleeding of the pampiniform plexus or other extra testicular structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Son appearance of acute scrotal hematocele:

A

echogenic with numerous, highly visible echoes that can be seen to float or move in real time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Son appearance of older scrotal hematocele:

A

low level echoes with fluid-fluid levels or septations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Son findings of scrotal hematoma:

A
  • may be large, causing displacement of testis
  • homogenous areas in scrotum
  • become more complex with time, developing cystic components
  • avascular
  • may involve testis or epididymus or they can be contained in scrotal wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is epididymo-orchitis?

A

infection of the epididymus and testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does epididymo-orchitis result from?

A
  • spread of lower UTI via spermatic cord**
  • mumps
  • syphillis
  • viruses
  • trauma
  • chemical causes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults?

A

epididymo-orchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s the term for only infection of the epididymus?

A

epididymitis..spreads to testis in about 20-40% of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Orchitis is almost always secondary to _______

A

epidymitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical symptoms of epididymo-orchitis

A
  • scrotal pain that increases over 1 or 2 days
  • fever
  • urethral discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Son findings of epididymo-orchitis

A
  • enlarged hypoechoic epididymus
  • focal hyperechoic areas may be seen if hemorrhage has occured
  • increased blood flow
  • enlarged testis
  • may be focal or diffuse (affected areas appearing hypoechoic compared to the surrounding tissue
  • scrotal wall thickening
  • hydroceles
  • pyelocele possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

U/S exam for epididymo-orchitis must include:

A
  • image showing both testes so the size and echogenicity can be compared
  • image with color box opened wide to show portions of both testes so that the flow between sides can be compared
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe scrotal hydroceles:

A
  • fluid formation between the visceral and parietal layers of tunica vaginalis
  • found along anterolateral aspect of testis
  • may be anechoic or contain low level echoes
  • complex hydroceles can be associated with severe epididymitis and orchitis (may contain thick septations and echoes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe pyelocele of the scrotum

A
  • occurs when puss fills the space between layers of the tunica vaginalis
  • contains internal septations, debris and loculations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why does torsion occur?

A
  • result of abnormal mobility of the testis within the scrotum
  • the testis and epididymis twist within the scrotum, cutting off the vascular supply within the spermatic cord
  • blood flow is compromised to the testis, epididymis and the intrascrotal portions of the spermatic cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe flow issues with torsion

A
  • venous flow affected first with occluded veins, causing swelling of the scrotal structures on the affected side
  • if torsion continues, the arterial flow is obstructed and testicular ischemia follows
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: Torsion is not a surgical emergency?

A

False, it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the salvage rate if torsion surgery is performed 5-6 hours after onset of pain?

A

-80-100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the salvage rate for torsion if surgery is performed 6-12 hours after pain onset?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

After 12 hours of pain onset, what is the salvage rate for torsion?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most common cause for scrotal pain in adolescents?

A

torsion, peak age is 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Clinical symptoms of torsion:

A
  • sudden onset of scrotal pain
  • swelling of affected side
  • nausea
  • vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Son findings of torsion before 4 hours:

A

may appear normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Son findings of torsion after 4-6 hours

A
  • testis may become swollen and hypoechoic
  • affected side will be avascular
  • epididymal head may appear enlarged and may have a decreased echogenicity or heterogeneous texture
  • scrotal skin thickening
  • reactive hydrocele
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Son doppler findings of torsion

A
  • makes diagnostic images of torsion duh
  • an absence of perfusion in the symptomatic side with normal perfusion demonstrated in the asymptomatic side is considered diagnostic of torsion
  • doppler parameters must be adjusted for optimal detection of a slow flow rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe scrotal cysts:

A
  • benign fluid collections located within the extra testicular structures
  • most are extratesticular and are found in the tunica albuginea or epididymus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are spermatoceles?

A
  • cystic dilatations of the efferent ductules of the epididymis
  • always located in the epididymal head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do spermatocele cysts contain?

A

proteinaceuos fluid and spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What may be seen more often following a vasectomy?

A

spermatoceles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Son findings of spermatoceles

A

-may be simple cysts
-may be mulilocular cystic collections
-may contain internal echoes
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are epididymal cysts?

A
  • small, clear cysts containing serous fluid
  • found anywhere in the epididymis
  • asymptomatic and benign but may be palpable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Son findings of epididymal cysts:

A
  • simple fluid filled structures
  • thin walls
  • posterior enhancement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

T/F: U/S cannot reliably differentiate between epididymal cysts and spermatoceles?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

-abnormal dilatation of the veins of the pampinoform plexus (in spermatic cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are varicoceles caused by?

A

incompetent venous valves within the spermatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where are varicoceles more common?

A
  • on the left due to the left spermatic vein emptying into the left renal vein at a steep angle which may inhibit blood flow
  • -left renal vein may also become compressed between aorta and the SMA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

T/F: Varicoceles are associated with male infertiity?

A

True, but treatment can increase sperm count up to 53%

45
Q

Son findings of varicoceles:

A
  • numerous tortuous tubes of varying sizes within the spermatic cord near the epididymal head
  • tubes may contain echoes that move
  • measure more than 2 mm in diameter
  • increase in diameter with valsalva
46
Q

How does one scan for varicoceles?

A
  • pt. in upright position will enhance the visibility of the varicoceles because the veins become distended
  • color and spectral doppler should be used to demonstrate the presence of venous flow and to demonstrate retrograde filling with valsalva
47
Q

What is scrotal hernia?

A

bowel, omentum or other structures herniate into the scrotum

48
Q

Son findings of scrotal hernia?

A
  • peristalsis of bowel seen with real time imaging in the scrotum
  • may require cineloop for physician
49
Q

What is tubular ectasia or the rete testis?

A

-a benign condition associated with the presence of a spermatocele, epididumal or testicular cyst or other epididymal obstruction on the same side

50
Q

Where are the rete testis?

A

at the hilum of the testis where the mediastinum resides

51
Q

Tubular ectasia is more common over what age?

A

45

52
Q

Son findings of tubular ectasia of the rete testis:

A
  • the normal rete testis may not be clearly seen with U/S imaging
  • appears as prominent hypoechoic channels near the echogenic mediastinum testis
  • avascular nature
53
Q

Testicular cysts are more common after what age?

A

40 years

54
Q

Testicular cysts are associated with

A

spermatoceles

55
Q

What are testicular cysts located near?

A

mediastinum, may be single or multiple in various sizes

56
Q

T/F: Testicular cysts are incidental findings and require no follow up?

A

True

57
Q

Son findings of testicular cysts:

A
  • anechoic
  • post. enhancement
  • smooth walls
58
Q

Describe microlithiasis:

A
  • uncommon
  • tiny calcifications within testes
  • smaller than 3 mm
  • usually bilateral
  • associated with malignancy
59
Q

Another name for microlithiasis

A

scrotal pearls

60
Q

Son findings of microlithiasis

A
  • multiple bright, nonshadowing foci scattered throughout testis
  • may be numerous or few
  • not abnormal unless more than 5 seen in one image
61
Q

What is the most common malignancy in men between ages of 15 and 35?

A

testicular cancer

62
Q

Who is more likely to get testicular cancer?

A

white men

63
Q

Undescended testicles are how much more likely to develop cancer?

A

2.5-8 X’s

64
Q

Clinical findings of testicular cancer:

A
  • painless bump
  • testicular enlargement
  • mild discomfort
65
Q

Primary goal of U/S for testicular cancer

A

determine the mass location and differentiate between cystic and solid composition

66
Q

Extratesticular masses are usually ____ while intratesticular masses are more likely to be_____.

A

benign, malignant

67
Q

Testicular tumors are classified into:

A
  • germ cell

- non germ cell (usually benign)

68
Q

Germ cell tumors are associated with:

A

elevated HcG and AFP

69
Q

Approx. ____ % of testicular tumors are germ cell tumors and are highly malignant

A

95%

70
Q

Types of malignant testicular tumors:

A
  • seminomas (most common)
  • mixed embryonal cell tumors
  • teratocarcinomas
71
Q

Son findings of seminomas:

A
  • homogenous
  • hypoechoic mass
  • smooth borders
72
Q

Son findings of embryonal cell carcinoma:

A
  • heterogenous

- not well circumscribed

73
Q

Teratomas are ____ in children but _____ in adults

A

benign, malignant

74
Q

Son findings of teratomas

A
  • heterogenous with well defined borders

- may contain dense foci with shadowing

75
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

undescended testicle that cannot be brought into the scrotum with external manipulation

76
Q

What causes cryptorchidism?

A

during fetal growth the testis fail to descend into the scrotum from the retroperitoneum by the kidneys

77
Q

Where may undescended testis be found?

A

-abdomen, inguinal canal (most common), other ectopic area

78
Q

What may cryptochidism result in?

A
  • infertility
  • malignancy
  • torsion
79
Q

Describe normal prostate?

A
  • chestnut/oval shaped glandular structure
  • retroperitoneal
  • surrouded by fibrous capsule
  • glandular and fibromuscular tissue
  • surrounds prox. urethra
80
Q

Where is the cephalic end (base) of the prostate?

A

adhered to the base of urinary bladder

81
Q

What are the 3 lumenal structures that traverse te prostate?

A

Rt. and Lt. ejaculatory ducts and urethra

82
Q

What is the verumontanum?

A

where the ejaculatory ducts and urethra join (looks like Eiffel tower) in trans.

83
Q

Where is the verumontanum located?

A
  • inferior to bladder
  • b/w rectum (posterior) and pubis (anterior)
  • seminal vesicles and vas deferens rest cephalad against base of prostate
  • seminal ves. post. to bladder, ant. to rectal wall
84
Q

***Where are seminal vesicles and vas deferens related to the prostate?

A

rest cephalad against base of prostate

85
Q

What attaches the prostate to the symphasis pubis?

A

prostatic ligaments

86
Q

Seminal vesicles resemble what?

A

bows, paired

87
Q

**How are prostate zones determined?

A

based on function of tissue within zones

88
Q

***What are the two types of prostate tissue?

A
  • fibromuscular

- glandular

89
Q

Describe fibromuscular prostate tissue?

A

mainly smooth muscle, anterior portion of prostate

90
Q

How much of prostate is made up of glandular tissue?

A

2/3, but <1 zones

91
Q

What are the 4 prostate zones?

A
  • peripheral
  • central
  • transition
  • periurethral
92
Q

Peripheral zone is what percent of glandular tissue?

A

70%

93
Q

What portions of the gland are peripheral zone?

A

posterior, lateral, apical

94
Q

What zone is most often involve with cancer and prostatis?

A

Peripheral zone

95
Q

The central zone makes up what percent of prostate glandular tissue?

A

-25%

96
Q

What percent of the prostate zones does the transition zone make up?

A

5%

97
Q

What is a site for BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy)

A

transition zone

98
Q

Periurethral zone: is what % of gland?

A

1% of gland

99
Q

T/F: U/S is currently used as a screening for prostate?

A

False

100
Q

***Patient complaints that are indications for prostate testing?

A
  • hematospermia
  • pain on ejaculation
  • dysuria
  • perineal pain
101
Q

**What is the most common finding of prostate test?

A

prostatitis

102
Q

***What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

enlarge prostate

103
Q

***What are symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A
  • frequency
  • nocturia
  • dribbling
  • difficulty starting a stream
104
Q

***What is the sonographic appearance of BPH?

A
  • enlargement of the central gland, more rounded

- may have nodularity-fibro glandular changes

105
Q

***What is the most common cancer in American men?

A

Prostate cancer

106
Q

***What is the second most common male killer cancer?

A

Prostate cancer

107
Q

***How may a patient present with prostate cancer?

A
  • bladder outlet obstruction
  • abnormal DRE
  • bone pain
  • weakness
  • weight loss
  • anemia
  • azotemia
108
Q

***3 tests that suggest a need for biopsy:

A
  • DRE
  • PSA
  • endorectal
109
Q

***Son appearance of prostate cancer:

A
  • hypoechoic nodule in peripheral zone
  • calcifications are not usually present
  • increased PSA

Abdominal (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions