Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Attachments that are cord-like or flat sheets

Answer 1

aponeuroses

Question 2

4 types of feather-like muscle patterns that run oblique to the long axis of the muscle

Answer 2

unipennate
bipennate
mulitpennate
circumpennate

Question 3

A deltoid muscle is an example of a _______ muscle

Answer 3

unipennate

Question 4

The gastrocnemius muscle in the calf is a ______ muscle in which the fibers have a central origin

Answer 4

bipennate

Question 5

The large, flat muscles of the external oblique or the trapezius attach with a large flat ______

Answer 5

aponeurosis

Question 6

A collection of tough collagenous fibers that attach the muscle at the proximal and distal portions is a ______

Answer 6

tendon

Question 7

Aponeurosis attachments occur in what muscles?

Answer 7

flat muscles, such as rectus abdominis

Question 8

Why do tendons heal slowly?

Answer 8

lack of vascularity

Question 9

What is a synovial sheath?

Answer 9

tubular sac surrounding a tendon

Question 10

Tendons occur with or without a _______

Answer 10

synovial sheath

Question 11

Synovial sheaths are found in what 4 areas of the body?

Answer 11

shoulder
hand
wrist
ankle

Question 12

Short bands of tough fibers that connect bones to other bones

Answer 12

ligaments

Question 13

Ligaments are especially important in what 3 areas of the body?

Answer 13

knees
ankles
shoulders

Question 14

What is the sac-like structure surrounding joints and tendons that contains synovial fluid?

Answer 14

bursa

Question 15

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

Answer 15

decrease friction between tendon and bone or bone and ligament

Question 16

The knee joint has ____ number of bursa

Answer 16

9

Question 17

What is the modality of choice when imaging MS problems?

Answer 17

MRI

Question 18

The biceps tendon is a sheath covered tendon that appears sonographically as

Answer 18

hypoechoic halo surrounding the tendon that measures a couple millimeters

Question 19

Acute disease may reveal a sheath that is ______

Answer 19

thicker than the tendon

Question 20

Areas of __________ in the hand, wrist and ankle contain tendons with sheaths

Answer 20

high stress

Question 21

What fills the fascial compartment of a tendon lacking a synovial sheath?

Answer 21

paratenon, a loose areolar connective tissue

Question 22

The joining of the tendon to the bone is _____

Answer 22

enthesis

Question 23

The enthesis is approximately ____ long and images longitudinally as a ______, _______ area in the distal tendon

Answer 23

1 cm

triangular, hypoechoic

Question 24

Ligaments require a transducer of ____MHz or higher

Answer 24

10

Question 25

Ligaments are only imaged in the ______ view

Answer 25

longitudinal

Question 26

Many ligaments in the large joints image hyperechoic except for the ______ ligament which appears hypoechoic

Answer 26

cruciate (knee)

Question 27

Usually the ligament measures __ to __ mm thick and is _____ in echogenicity

Answer 27

2-3 | hypoechoic

Question 28

What is anisotropy?

Answer 28

occurs when sound beam misses transducer on return because of the curve of the structure

Question 29

What has the most pronounced anisotropy?

Answer 29

tendons

Question 30

What maneuver should be performed to correct anisotropy?

Answer 30

heel-toe rocking to create the optimal 90 degree angle

Question 31

The bending of transmitted sound to an oblique path is ______

Answer 31

edge artifact or refractile shadowing

Question 32

Refractile shadowing appears as a ______ band _____ to the structure

Answer 32

hypoechoic | posterior

Question 33

A cause of refractile shadowing is tissue impedance mismatch and is most often seen with

Answer 33

complete tendon tear

Question 34

The time of flight artifact occurs most often when imaging _____ patients at the ______ interface

Answer 34

obese | muscle-fat

Question 35

The time of flight artifact displaces the image in the _____ plane

Answer 35

anteroposterior (axial)

Question 36

The time of flight artifact occurs when the returning sound wave passes through?

Answer 36

2 tissues with markedly different speeds