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Building Pathology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Construction Eras

A

Georgian 1714 - 1837
Victorian - 1837 - 1901
Edwardian - 1901 -1920

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2
Q

What date was DPC mandatory?

A

1875

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3
Q

Key dates

A

1700 - Welsh Slate Common
1920 - stretcher Bond
1960 - Block Cavity Brick
1980 - Recession dominance of UPVC

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4
Q

What is High Alumina Cement?

A

Pre-cast concrete beams used in 60’s
prone to conversion which reduces strength and is suceptible to chemical attack

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5
Q

What are expansion joints?

A

Gaps in structure to accommodate the expansion of the adjacent elements

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6
Q

What is Sulphate Attack

A

A reaction of concrete with the slab whereby sulphates are introduced from the presence of water. Common 1940-75
Causes expansion within concrete and cracking

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7
Q

What is wall tie failure and how would you remediate it?

A

Corrosion of old steel ties and cracking every 5th course

Use boroscope to identify
Remove and replace ties

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8
Q

Symptons of sulphate attack

A

Cracking, bulging & uneven floors

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9
Q

What is Calcium Chloride

A

Used an an accelerator until banned in 1977. Causes the rebar to expand and corrode

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10
Q

Typical defects found in 60’s warehouse

A

Carbonation/Alkali Silica reaction
Asbestos
Rising Damp

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11
Q

What is Alkali Silica Reaction, issues and remedies?

A

Reaction between alkai in concrete and silicates within aggregate. Causes silicate gel which expands and causes concrete to crack

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12
Q

Common causes of cracking

A

Subsidence - Movement down of ground due to lack of moisture.

Settlement - Movement down due to increased load.

Heave - Movement up in ground due to increased moisture.

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13
Q

How to identify rising Damp

A

Tide mark up to 1m
test with speedy carbide meter
Peelling of wall paper, salts, musty smell

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14
Q

What is Wet Rot and how to treat

A

Type of Fungal Decay that occurs in timber with high mc. Identify pongy wood, musty smell.

  • Identify source
  • Remove affected wood
  • Apply wet rot treatment
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15
Q

Pitched Roof Defects

A
  • broken slates/tiles
  • Roof leaks
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16
Q

Defects found in Victorian Builds

A
  • Rising Damp - Faulty DPC
  • Snapped Headers
  • Settlement
  • Timber decay
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17
Q

Explain the cause of concrete carbonation

A

Carbon dioxide being absorbed into the concrete causing calcium carbonate which lowers ph and causes expansion of concrete and corrosion of reinforcement

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18
Q

Testing method for carbonation

A

Phenonphylamein solution is added concrete and turns pink if uncarbonted and colourless if carbonated

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19
Q

Why are woodwool slabs deleterious

A

Commonly used for flat roof decking but lack fire protection, loss of strength and can lead to corrosion of reinforcement

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20
Q

How would you identify condensation? Remedial Measures?

A

Occurs in top corners of rooms where warm air rises. The warm air releases vapour on cold surfaces. Maintained by venting the property and reduce the moist/ warm air.

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21
Q

What is cold Bridge

A

Where heat floes through a gap or path due to the material being a poor thermal insulator

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22
Q

What size of Cracking is a concern

A

BRE DIGEST 251

1-2mm very slight
2-5mm slight
5-15mm moderate
15-20mm severe
25mm and above very severe

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23
Q

Cut Edge corrosion. What is it? Cause`/ Remedial?

A

Cut Edge of metal is exposed to weathering resulting in delamination which causes corrosion. Can be treated with silicone paint or replace panel

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24
Q

Coatings found on metal sheets

A

Plastisol - PVC coating

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25
What is Japanese Knotweed and what does it look like?
Herbaceous plant which can be seen by a zig zag stem, shield shaped leaves
26
Causes of staining to chimney breasts
Moisture getting in through faulty lead flashing, Condensation
27
Common defects of Georgian era (1700"s)
- Rotten Sash Windows - Roof Spread - Penetrating Damp
28
Common defects of victorian Era (1837 - 1901)
- Settlement - Wall tie failure - Water ingress/ condensation
29
Name some defects of Edwardian Era (1900-1920)
- Penetrations of wall ties - Faulty DPCS - condensation Featurers:
30
Name some defects of 1920-40 period
- Defective render - Calcium silicate bricks - faulty flat roofs
31
1960's era defects
- Concrete - Asbestos - Corroded wall ties Common features: Tradition cut purlin roofs Cavity walls
32
Features of victorian era?
-Gothic arches - painted Front door - introduction of cement mortars in 1824 - lead gutters
33
Features of Georgian Era?
- Parphet Roofs - Sash windows - Chimenys / welsh slate roofs
34
What is a flashing?
Sheet of thin, impervious material used to prevent water penetrating into the building. Flashings are important at junctions such as roof hips and wall penetrations. (Exposed or embodied)
35
Causes of Ponding
Clogged drains Incorrect design for roof falls
36
What may give false readings from a protimeter
Foil backed plasterboard
37
Types of Flat Roof Coverings
- Polymetric Single Plywood - PVC laid and fully fastened - Reinforced bitmen membranes - Mastic Asphalt
38
Ways of treating carbonation
- Hack off loose and defective concrete - blast all corrosion to steel - Apply primer and patch repair with mortar
39
How are sulphates introduced causing sulphate attack
Introduction in the mixing process in creating concrete i.e sulphates in hardcore - sulphates in ground water solution
40
BRE REF for dealing with carbonation
BRE Digest 405
41
Pros and cons of remedial treatment of Japanese Knotweed
Herbicidal Treatment: - Cost effective - Reduces ability to spread Burial: - Quick - Not possible to bury on site - Expensive
42
How would you identify penetrating damp, causes and remedies?
Damp patches on walls, ceilings & floors Caused by rain through exposed masonry, problems with cavity trays, cavity ties. Making good any defective joint details, remove any blockages.
43
Explain the life cycle of rot
Spore - Hyphae - Mycelium - Fruiting body
44
What are Nickel Sulphide Inclusions
Inherent in the glass production process, microscopic imperfections in the glass. These inclusions cause disastrous failure of tempered glas
45
Types of flat roof constructions
-Triple bitumen sytem - Asphalt - Single Ply
46
Advantages of single ply roof
- Cheaper - Easier to install
47
Make up of Flat Roof Construction
- Firrings, structural deck, vapour control layer, insulation, bitumen felt (optional 50mm air gap)
48
How to resolve cut edge corrosion
- strip back damaged sections - brush wire clean - Apply coating to edges (giromax edgecoat)
49
Problem with condensation at sheffield
Salts contaminate gypsum plaster (remove salt damage). Rennovating plaster mitigates problem with salt problems. F approved document ventilation
50
What was your advise given to the client at Huddersfield in relation to the leak?
Install new watertight flashing detail Additional get outlets the correct size at 50mm in accordance with Part H of the Approved Documents
51
What part of the Building Regulations covers sound?
Approved Document E
52
What are the new sections of the approved Documents
O - overheating S - Electrical Charging points
53
What is the British Standard Guidance for Lighting
BS 5489 for indoor comfort for lighting
54
How to identify subsidence cracks
Diagonal stepped cracking, Wider at top and runs through openings. Increased moisture, drains
55
How to identify Heave?
Diagonal stepped cracking, wider at bottom. Removal of trees, less moisture
56
What is the difference between dry and wet rot
Wet rot - MC of more than 50%, appearance is soft/spongy Dry rot, - dry brittle crumbly - MC 20-30%
57
Remedial measures on carbonated concrete?
Remove concrete from affected areas - Check damage to steelwork - Apply protecting coating after grit blasting
58
What is the effect of chloride ions on concrete?
Used an accelerator on concrete up to 1977 - Causes breakdown of passive film and rebar Repairs; Cathodic protection
59
What is PUR and PIR?
Both rigid foam insulation -PUR: Polyurethane - less expensive and offers good thermal performance PIR - Polyisocyanurate Modified version of PUR. More fire resistant than PIR better thermal performance
60

Building Surveying APC (15 decks)

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