Canine Top Shelter Diseases

Question 1

what is the classic case presentation of a shelter dog with fleas?

Answer 1

pruritus, crusts, scabbing, hair loss over the hips/base of tail, +/- anemia

Question 2

what is the classic case presentation of a shelter dog with sarcoptic mange?

Answer 2

intense pruritus, small bumps/excoriations/crusts/seborrhea on abdomen/chest/ears/elbows/legs

Question 3

what is the classic case presentation of a shelter dog with cheyletiellosis?

Answer 3

intense pruritus but sometimes no itching, scaling on the back, & dandruff that moves around on the animal’s fur

Question 4

what is the classic case presentation of a shelter dog with ticks?

Answer 4

ticks attached to the skin with redness around the bite, tick borne diseases (fever, anorexia, lethargy, joint swelling/pain, petechiae, etc), & LMN paralysis

Question 5

what is the flea most commonly affected shelter dogs?

Answer 5

ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)

Question 6

what is the etiology of sarcoptic mange?

Answer 6

sarcoptes scabei canis

Question 7

how is sarcoptic mange diagnosed?

Answer 7

skin scraping, pedal pinnal response

Question 8

what ticks commonly affect shelter dogs?

Answer 8

ixodidae family - amblyomma spp., dermacentor spp., ixodes, & soft ticks - otobius

Question 9

what are your treatment options for mites on shelter dogs?

Answer 9

lime sulfur dips, selamectin, bravecto single dose (not labeled for scabies), & ivermectin

Question 10

what are your treatment options for shelter dogs with ticks?

Answer 10

removal of ticks, fipronil, & fluralaner

Question 11

why may fleas not be seen on a dog with flea allergy dermatitis?

Answer 11

excessive self grooming

Question 12

what mites pose a zoonotic risk to humans that affect shelter dogs?

Answer 12

cheyletiellosis & scabies

Question 13

what two ticks are the most common causes of tick paralysis in shelter dogs?

Answer 13

d. andersoni & d. variabilis

Question 14

what tick tranmits lyme disease?

Answer 14

ixodes scapularis & ixodes pacificus

Question 15

what breeds are at an increased risk for parvo?

Answer 15

rottweilers, dobermans, pitbulls, german shepherds

Question 16

what is the common signalment of dog affected with parvo?

Answer 16

usually 6 week to 6 month old unvaccinated dogs

Question 17

what is the etiology of parvo?

Answer 17

canine parvovirus particularly CPV-2b

Question 18

what is seen on bloodwork of a dog with parvo?

Answer 18

neutropenia & lymphopenia

Question 19

how is parvo diagnosed?

Answer 19

ELISA antigen test

Question 20

how is parvo treated?

Answer 20

supportive care & isolation

Question 21

how is parvo prevented?

Answer 21

strict isolation of sick animals, clean all surfaces of organic debris & then disinfect with bleach

Question 22

what is the vaccine schedule for parvo in dogs?

Answer 22

vaccination at 6-8 weeks, 10-12 weeks, & 14-16 weeks, after 1 year, & then every 3 years

Question 23

what is the route of infection of parvo?

Answer 23

fecal oral & fomites

Question 24

T/F: dogs that recover from parvo will have life long or long term immunity

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

what is another name for infectious tracheobronchitis?

Answer 25

kennel cough

Question 26

what clinical signs are seen with kennel cough?

Answer 26

persistent dry, unproductive cough followed by retching/gagging - cough inducible by tracheal/laryngeal palpation, may have other systemic signs

Question 27

what clinical signs are seen with canine influenza?

Answer 27

persistent cough of 1-3 weeks, oculonasal discharge, sneezing, fever, lethargy, +/- pneumonia

Question 28

what are the etiologies of kennel cough?

Answer 28

canine parainfluenzavirus, canine adenovirus-2, canine distemper virus, & bordetella bronchiseptica

Question 29

what is the etiology of canine influenza?

Answer 29

canine influenza virus strains H3N8 & H3N2

Question 30

how is kennel cough diagnosed?

Answer 30

usually just by clinical signs

Question 31

how is canine influenza diagnosed?

Answer 31

PCR of nasal or pharyngeal swabs - must be submitted within 2 days of illness to avoid false negatives & serology showing rising titers

Question 32

how is kennel cough/canine influenza prevented?

Answer 32

vaccination & proper disinfection/hygiene in shelters

Question 33

how is kennel cough treated?

Answer 33

supportive care, cough suppressants for non-productive coughs, & antibiotics for severe cases

Question 34

how is canine influenza treated?

Answer 34

antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections

Question 35

T/F: both kennel cough & canine influenza are extremely contagious, so infected animals should not be hospitalized if possible

Answer 35

TRUE

Question 36

what are the risks if an intranasal bordetella vaccine is given parenterally?

Answer 36

may cause cellulitis, hepatotoxicity, or hypersensitivity

Question 37

what is the classic case presentation of a dog with distemper?

Answer 37

fever 3-6 days post infection & several days later, serous to mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, & diarrhea

Question 38

what types of neurologic signs affect young dogs with distemper? what about older dogs with distemper?

Answer 38

younger - forebrain signs, older - cerebellar, brainstem, & spinal cord signs

Question 39

what forebrain signs are seen with distemper?

Answer 39

behavior changes, seizures, pacing, head pressing, & visual deficits

Question 40

what cerebellar signs are seen in dogs with distemper?

Answer 40

ataxia, hypermetria, & intention tremors

Question 41

what brainstem signs are seen in dogs with distemper?

Answer 41

nystagmus, head tilt, facial paralysis, tongue paralysis, & swallowing difficulty

Question 42

what spinal cord signs are seen in dogs with distemper?

Answer 42

hyper-reflexive paresis or paralysis

Question 43

if a dog survives distemper, what lasting side effects may be seen?

Answer 43

paw pad/nasal planum hyperkeratosis, enamel hypoplasia, myoclonus, & chewing gum fits

Question 44

what is the etiology of distemper?

Answer 44

canine distemper visurs

Question 45

what clinical signs are associated with systemic disease from distemper?

Answer 45

leukopenia & KCS on ophthalmic exam

Question 46

what clinical signs are associated with CNS disease from distemper?

Answer 46

hyper-reflexive retinal lesions

Question 47

how is distemper treated?

Answer 47

supportive care, anti-inflammatory dose of prednisone

Question 48

how is distemper prevented?

Answer 48

vaccination with MLV every 3-4 weeks from 6-16 weeks of age & then again in 1 year - followed by every 3 years

Question 49

what is the prognosis of distemper?

Answer 49

usually poor if progressive neurologic signs & guarded to poor for systemic disease

Question 50

what is the classic case presentation of a dog with roundworms?

Answer 50

usually asymptomatic, but may see vomiting, diarrhea, poor growth, distended abdomen, dull coat, & coughing due to migrating larvae causing eosinophilic pneumonia

Question 51

what is the classic case presentation of a dog with hookworms?

Answer 51

anemia, emaciation, weakness, anorexia, poor growth, interdigital dermatitis from cutaneous larval invasion, +/- diarrhea/melena

Question 52

what is the classic case presentation of a dog with whipworms?

Answer 52

mild infections are asymptomatic, weight loss, diarrhea, +/- hematochezia, +/- anemia

Question 53

what is the classic case presentation of a dog with tapeworms?

Answer 53

usually aymptomatic, observation of proglottids on perineum or in feces, weight loss, +/- diarrhea

Question 54

what is the etiology of roundworms?

Answer 54

toxocara canis

Question 55

how are roundworms diagnosed?

Answer 55

fecal float & microscopic evaluation

Question 56

what is the etiology of hookworms? how are they diagnosed?

Answer 56

ancylostoma caninum - fecal float & microscopic exam

Question 57

what is the etiology of whipworms? how are they diagnosed?

Answer 57

trichuris vulpis - fecal float & microscopic evaluation

Question 58

what is the etiology of tapeworms? how are they diagnosed?

Answer 58

dipylidium caninum - observation of proglottids & fecal float

Question 59

how are roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, & tapeworms treated? how are they prevented?

Answer 59

rounds - pyrantel every 2-3 weeks until 3 months old, hooks - pyrantel every 3-4 weeks until 3 months, whips - fenbendazole 3x at monthly intervals, & tapes - praziquantel

Question 60

how are roundworms transmitted?

Answer 60

transplacental, transmammary, ingestion of eggs, or ingestion of transport host - 100% of puppies are born with roundworm infections

Question 61

what is the life cycle of t. canis?

Answer 61

puppy under 3 months of age ingests infective eggs, larvae exit intestine & migrate to the lungs via liver/bloodstream, larvae are coughed up & swallowed, larvae mature into egg-producing adults in the small intestines, & in older dogs - larvae hatched from infective eggs migrate to various tissues but don't continue the life cycle

Question 62

how are hookworms transmitted?

Answer 62

ingestion of larvae in fecal contaminated material, transmammary, & direct cutaneous penetration

Question 63

how are whipworms transmitted?

Answer 63

ingestion of infective eggs 2-4 weeks after shed in dog feces

Question 64

how are tapeworms transmitted?

Answer 64

ingestion of affected prey or ingestion of fleas

Question 65

what intestinal parasites pose a zoonotic risk?

Answer 65

roundworms, hookworms, & intermediate stage of taenia spp.

Question 66

what is a class I case presentation of heartworm disease?

Answer 66

no to minimal signs

Question 67

what is a class II case presentation of heartworm disease?

Answer 67

cough

Question 68

what is a class III case presentation of heartworm disease?

Answer 68

cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, lethargy, exercise intolerance, ascites secondary to R CHF, & radiographic lesions

Question 69

what is a class IV case presentation of heartworm disease?

Answer 69

caval syndrome, shock/weak/pale, slow CRT, dark urine, tachypnea/dyspnea, distended jugular veins, +/- ascites

Question 70

what is the etiology of heartworm disease?

Answer 70

dirofilaria immitis

Question 71

how is heartworm disease diagnosed?

Answer 71

antigen testing & microfilaria slides

Question 72

what is seen on thoracic rads of a dog with heartworm disease?

Answer 72

main pulmonary artery enlargement, truncated/tortuous caudal lobar pulmonary arteries, pulmonary infiltrate, hilar lymphadenopathy, & right ventricular enlargment

Question 73

what is echocardiography used for when working up a dog for heartworm disease?

Answer 73

used to confirm caval syndrome & shows a conglomeration of heartworms in the right atrium/right ventricle & obstructing the tricuspid valve

Question 74

what is the pretreatment of HWD done at the time of diagnosis?

Answer 74

30 days of doxycycline to eliminate wolbachia, & monthly macrolide heartworm preventative

Question 75

what is the protocol of adulticidal therapy for HWD?

Answer 75

melarsomine 3 dose with strict exercise restriction +/- corticosteroids, supportive care as needed for R CHF/pulmonary thromboembolism

Question 76

how is caval syndrome treated?

Answer 76

removal of heartworms by passing long alligator forceps via the jugular vein into the right atrium

Question 77

how is HWD prevented?

Answer 77

monthly macrolide prophylactic treatments year round starting at 6-8 weeks of age

Question 78

what is the life cycle of mosquitos in HWD?

Answer 78

mosquitos ingest microfilariae from infected host, microfilariae goes through first 3 larval stages (L1-L3) in the mosquito in 1-4 weeks, the L3 infected larvae is deposited onto the host's skin when the mosquito feeds, L4 develops in the host in about a week & then migrates into body for approximately 2 months, L4 molts into an adult & migrates to the heart & pulmonary arteries 2-4 months post infection, & gravid females produce microfilariae 7-9 months post infection

Question 79

what is the prognosis of HWD?

Answer 79

guarded to poor - dogs with caval syndrome have a mortality of 30-40%