Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 1

Question 1

what animals are most often affected by lead toxicosis?

Answer 1

usually dogs or cattle

Question 2

what is the classic case presentation of acute lead toxicosis in ruminants?

Answer 2

especially in young cows - ataxia, blindness, eyelid twitching, salivation, jaw chomping, bruxism, muscle tremors, & convulsions

Question 3

what is the classic case presentation of subacute lead toxicosis in ruminants?

Answer 3

especially in sheep & older cows - anorexia, rumen stasis, colic, constipation followed by diarrhea, blindness/head pressing, hyperesthesia, incoordination, & bruxism

Question 4

what is the classic case presentation of chronic lead toxicosis in ruminants?

Answer 4

dysphagia & aspiration pneumonia

Question 5

what is the classic case presentation of lead toxicosis in dogs?

Answer 5

anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, anxiety/barking, salivation, blindness/ataxia, muscle spasms, opisthotnus, & convulsions

Question 6

what is the classic case presentation of lead toxicosis in horses?

Answer 6

chronic weight loss, dysphagia, diarrhea, & roaring

Question 7

what is seen on a CBC from an animal with lead toxicosis?

Answer 7

anemia, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, polychromasia, basophilic stippling, metarubricytes, & hypochromasia

Question 8

how is lead toxicosis diagnosed?

Answer 8

blood lead concentration over 0.05-0.10 ppm

Question 9

what treatment is used for all animals with lead toxicosis? what about specific treatment for dogs?

Answer 9

calcium disodium edetate & thiamine, dogs - d-penicillamine or succimer

Question 10

what is the pathophysiology of lead toxicosis?

Answer 10

capillary damage/edema with irritation, immune suppression, nephrotoxic, toxic to hematopoietic system, & teratogenic

Question 11

what animals are often affected by selenium toxicosis?

Answer 11

grazing animals most often affected - all animals are susceptible

Question 12

what is the classic case presentation of acute selenium toxicosis?

Answer 12

weird behavior, respiratory trouble, tachycardia, frothy nasal discharge, gi upset, & sudden death

Question 13

what is the classic case presentation of subchronic selenium toxicosis in pigs?

Answer 13

ataxia, paraparesis followed by tetraplegia, poor hooves, & alopecia

Question 14

what is the classic case presentation of chronic selenium toxicosis?

Answer 14

rough/brittle hair coat, poor hooves/laminitis, & weakness/anorexia

Question 15

how is selenium toxicosis diagnosed?

Answer 15

high selenium concentration in feed, blood, & tissues

Question 16

what treatment is indicated for acute selenium toxicosis?

Answer 16

n-acetylcysteine to improve systemic glutathione levels

Question 17

what treatment is indicated for chronic selenium toxicosis?

Answer 17

high protein diet to bind selenium or add arsenic salt to enhance biliary excretion

Question 18

what is the pathophysiology of selenium toxicosis?

Answer 18

directly inhibits cellular oxidation/reduction reactions, increases oxygen free radicals causing tissue damage, & alters protein formations/cellular bonds affecting their function

Question 19

T/F: selenium has a narrow margin of safety

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

T/F: selenium can be found in pasture, hay, grains, & supplements

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

what animals are especially affected by copper toxicosis?

Answer 21

especially sheep & dogs - others can be affected

Question 22

T/F: acute signs from copper toxicosis are less common

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

what acute signs are seen with copper toxicosis?

Answer 23

gastroenteritis with diarrhea/vomiting, pain, & shock

Question 24

what chronic signs are seen with copper toxicosis?

Answer 24

acute hemolytic crisis, weakness, icterus, hemoglobinuria, colic, & potentially renal failure

Question 25

copper toxicosis affects what body systems?

Answer 25

hematopoietic, liver, & gi

Question 26

how is copper toxicosis diagnosed?

Answer 26

high copper levels in blood, liver, & kidney

Question 27

what is seen on necropsy of an animal with copper toxicosis?

Answer 27

gun metal colored kidneys & blue green ingesta

Question 28

how is copper toxicosis treated?

Answer 28

penicillamine or ammonium tetrathiomolybdate to increase copper excretion & vitamin c as an antioxidant

Question 29

what is the pathophysiology of copper toxicosis?

Answer 29

lipid peroxidation, intravascular hemolysis, & gi irritation

Question 30

what dog breed can have an inherited sensitivity to increased copper levels?

Answer 30

bedlington terriers

Question 31

low dietary what can lead to increased copper absorption & decreased copper excretion?

Answer 31

low dietary sulfur or molybdenum

Question 32

what is the prognosis of copper toxicosis?

Answer 32

poor

Question 33

what is the classic case presentation of zinc toxicosis?

Answer 33

any species - anorexia, vomiting/diarrhea, lethargy, icterus/hemoglobinuria from intravascular hemolysis, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, & foals may have epiphyseal swelling & lameness

Question 34

what systems are affected by zinc toxicity?

Answer 34

gi, hematopoietic, cardiac, & CNS

Question 35

what is seen on radiographs in an animal with zinc toxicosis?

Answer 35

radiodense foreign bodies

Question 36

what is seen on CBC from an animal with zinc toxicosis?

Answer 36

anemia, spherocytes, & heinz body formation

Question 37

how is zinc toxicosis diagnosed?

Answer 37

blood zinc concentration

Question 38

how is zinc toxicosis treated?

Answer 38

remove zinc source, diuresis, supportive care

Question 39

what is the pathophysiology of zinc toxicosis?

Answer 39

low gastric ph causes release of caustic zinc salts which irritate & interfere with cellular metabolism

Question 40

T/F: zinc is an essential trace mineral

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

what household items is zinc found in?

Answer 41

household coatings, supplements, batteries, paints, & creams

Question 42

what is the prognosis of zinc toxicosis?

Answer 42

usually good outcome if properly addressed

Question 43

what animals are most often affected by fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 43

most often in livestock & poultry

Question 44

what acute signs are seen with fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 44

salivation/sweating, restlessness, anorexia/gastroenteritis, muscle weakness/stiffness, dyspnea, ventricular tachycardia, clonic convulsions, depression, & death

Question 45

what chronic signs are seen with fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 45

poor weight gain/unthrifty, on dental, mottled chalky pitted & stained enamel & uneven wear, & skeletal: stiffness, severe lameness, abnormal hoof growth, exostoses, & periosteal hyperostosis on ribs

Question 46

what body systems are affected by fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 46

affects gi tract, dental, & skeletal systems

Question 47

what is seen on radiographs from an animal with fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 47

periosteal hyperostosis & exostoses

Question 48

how is fluoride toxicosis diagnosed?

Answer 48

history of exposure/clinical signs, urinary & serum fluoride concentrations (tricky because of rapid elimination)

Question 49

what treatment is used for acute fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 49

decrease absorption via IV calcium gluconate or oral magnesium hydroxide or milk

Question 50

what treatment is used for chronic fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 50

no treatment

Question 51

what is the pathophysiology of fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 51

fluoride alters intracellular metabolism of essential metals such as mg, mn, fe, cu, & zn

Question 52

how is fluoride toxicosis prevented?

Answer 52

supplement animals with calcium carbonate, aluminum salts, magnesium metasilicate, or boron to decrease absorption & increase excretion