Cross Species - Top 30 Zoonotic Diseases Part 1

Question 1

what animals are affected by anthrax?

Answer 1

cattle, sheep, goats, bison, camels, & antelopes

Question 2

what is the classic case presentation of anthrax in animals?

Answer 2

sudden death, bloating, & bleeding from orifices after death

Question 3

how does anthrax present in humans?

Answer 3

skin lesions with dark eschars, malaise, gi signs, fever, acute respiratory distress, & septicemia

Question 4

what is the etiology of anthrax?

Answer 4

bacillus anthracis - gram positive aerobic rod-shaped bacteria

sporulates when exposed to oxygen - endemic in north america

Question 5

what are the routes of human infection of anthrax? what precautions are taken?

Answer 5

cutaneous, ingestion (infected meat), & inhalation

PPE & respiratory protection

Question 6

anthrax is a notifiable disease for what organization?

Answer 6

world organization for animal health

Question 7

when are anthrax outbreaks seen?

Answer 7

can occur with heavy rainfall, flooding, or drought

Question 8

why not do a full necropsy on an animal suspected to have anthrax?

Answer 8

bacteria will sporulate & contaminate the environment & the spores can persist for decades in the environment

Question 9

how was anthrax used as a bioterrorism agent?

Answer 9

in 2001, powdered spores were mailed through USPS leading to 22 infections in people & caused 5 deaths

Question 10

what are the definitive hosts for baylisascaris? what clinical signs are seen?

Answer 10

raccoons - sometimes dogs & kinkajous

no clinical signs

Question 11

what are the intermediate hosts of baylisascaris? what clinical signs are seen with infection?

Answer 11

commonly rodents - opossums, foxes, badgers, sea otters, birds, non-human primates, humans

NOT LIVESTOCK

CNS signs & ocular disease

Question 12

what is the etiology of baylisascaris? how does infection occur? how are humans infected?

Answer 12

baylisascaris procyonis - intestinal nematode

definitive host infected by ingesting eggs or eating infected intermediate host

humans - fecal oral transmission

Question 13

what is the main precaution taken with preventing baylisascaris?

Answer 13

avoid direct contact with dog & raccoon feces

Question 14

how can you minimize baylisascaris infection in dogs?

Answer 14

keep them on a monthly heartworm/nematode preventatives to minimize risk of intestinal infection

Question 15

T/F: dogs can be an intermediate host for baylisascaris & develop clinical signs

Answer 15

true

Question 16

what is the classic case of tuberculosis in cows?

Answer 16

decreased appetite, progressive emaciation, cough, fever, weakness

Question 17

what signs are seen in humans affected by bovine tuberculosis?

Answer 17

affects - lymph nodes, bones, joints, CNS, lungs, & genitourinary system

Question 18

what is the etiology of bovine tuberculosis? what are the primary hosts? spill over hosts?

Answer 18

mycobacterium bovis - gram positive acid fast bacterium in mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

primary host - cattle

spill over hosts - sheep, goats, horses, llamas, dogs, pigs, ferrets, cats, & rodents

Question 19

what are the routes of human infection from bovine tuberculosis?

Answer 19

ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products/undercooked/raw meat, inhalation of aerosolized agent, bacterial contact on broken skin

wildlife & soil are sources for potential infection

Question 20

what precautions are taken for preventing bovine tuberculosis?

Answer 20

respiratory protection

Question 21

what country is bovine tuberculosis free? what countries currently have eradication programs in place?

Answer 21

canada

mexico & USA

Question 22

what animal is rarely infected with bovine tuberculosis but have been suspected to be at risk for transmitting it to human & vice versa?

Answer 22

cats

Question 23

what control efforts are made for bovine tuberculosis prevention in the USA?

Answer 23

routine pasteurization & control efforts have decreased m. bovis cases to less than 2% of total human tuberculosis cases (rest are caused by m. tuberculosis)

Question 24

T/F: bovine tuberculosis is an OIE notifiable disease

Answer 24

true

Question 25

what animals are often affected by brucellosis?

Answer 25

cattle, sheep, goats, & dogs

Question 26

what is the classic case presentation of brucellosis in cattle, sheep, & goats?

Answer 26

abortions - usually in 2nd half of gestation epididymitis & orchitis in bulls

Question 27

what is the classic case presentation of brucellosis in humans?

Answer 27

undulant fever - drenching sweats, headache, flu like symptoms, & can be a chronic debilitating disease

Question 28

what is the classic case presentation of brucellosis in dogs?

Answer 28

abortions/still births, orchitis, & diskospondylitis

Question 29

what are the different etiologies that cause brucellosis in animals & people?

Answer 29

gram negative coccobacillary facultative intracellular bacterium brucella abortus - cattle, bison, elk, & feral pigs brucella melitensis - goats & sheep brucella canis - dogs

Question 30

what brucella species are of zoonotic risk? what are the routes of infection?

Answer 30

b. abortus & b. melitensis ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products exposure to brucella vaccine, infected animals, or in a laboratory

Question 31

how is brucellosis prevented in humans?

Answer 31

PPE!!! handle vaccines with care

Question 32

T/F: brucella canis's importance as a cause of disease in humans is not well-established

Answer 32

true

Question 33

what species of brucella are OIE notifiable diseases?

Answer 33

b. abortus & b. melitensis

Question 34

what happens for dogs that have brucellosis?

Answer 34

reportable in many states owners of these dogs should be advised that the disease could potentially spread to humans & dogs can't be cleared of infection

Question 35

where is brucellosis of goats & sheep found? where is it exotic to? where is it endemic?

Answer 35

found in mediterranean, middle east, & central america exotic - canada & USA endemic - mexico

Question 36

where is bovine brucellosis eradicated? what about nearly eradicated? why is it of such concern?

Answer 36

eradicated - canada almost eradicated - USA may be used as a bioterrorism agent!!

Question 37

what diseases can brucellosis cause in horses?

Answer 37

fistulous withers & poll evil

Question 38

what is the common name of bartonellosis?

Answer 38

cat scratch fever

Question 39

what clinical signs are seen in cats with bartonellosis?

Answer 39

usually asymptomatic may see - fever, inappetence

Question 40

what clinical signs are seen in humans with cat scratch fever?

Answer 40

small reddish-brown papules/pustules at inoculation site lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, neurologic signs, & psychiatric signs

Question 41

what is the etiology of cat scratch fever? what are the reservoir hosts? how is it transmitted?

Answer 41

bartonella henselae - gram negative rod bacterium reservoir host - domestic cats & other felines transmitted via flea feces between cats

Question 42

how do humans get cat scratch fever?

Answer 42

cat bites or scratches

Question 43

what is the zoonotic risk of cat scratch fever?

Answer 43

most cases of human bartonellosis are mild/asymptomatic & self-limiting immunocompromised people are more susceptible