Cross Species - Top 30 Zoonotic Diseases Part 5

Question 1

animals with larval migrans typically present with what clinical signs?

Answer 1

usually just gastroenteritis

Question 2

what are the 3 clinical syndromes in humans with larval migrans?

Answer 2

1. cutaneous - ancylostoma & strongyloides: vermiform rash, intense pruritus, & pain
2. visceral - toxocara, baylisascaris, & ascaris suum: depends on organ affected but myocarditis, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, & usually seen in 1-4 year old children
3. ocular - toxocara & baylisascaris: visual impairment, ocular pain, strabismus, & usually seen in children 7-8 years old

Question 3

what parasites can cause larval migrans in people?

Answer 3

ancylostoma (hookworms), strongyloides (threadworms), toxocara (dog roundworms), baylisascaris (racoon roundworms), & ascaris suum (pig roundworms)

Question 4

what precautions can be taken to avoid larval migrans?

Answer 4

avoiding contact of skin with larvae to prevent cutaneous forms or ingestion of eggs or larvae to prevent visceral/ocular forms

Question 5

what is the most common dermatological problem affecting people who vacation in tropical areas?

Answer 5

cutaneous larval migrans

Question 6

what causes visceral syndrome?

Answer 6

results from migration of larvae through visceral organs & failure to complete the life cycle

Question 7

what clinical signs are seen in the furious form of rabies?

Answer 7

restlessness, unprovoked attacks, incoordination, pica, abnormal bellowing in cows

Question 8

what clinical signs are seen in the dumb form of rabies?

Answer 8

hypersalivation due to inability to swallow, dropped jaw, progressive limb paralysis, coma, & death

Question 9

what clinical signs are seen in wild mammals with rabies?

Answer 9

loss of fear of humans & nocturnal mammals wandering around during daylight

Question 10

what clinical signs are seen in humans with rabies?

Answer 10

malaise, fever, headache, pruritus at bite sites, abnormal behavior, sensitivity to light/sound, delirium, difficulty swallowing, pharyngeal spasms

Question 11

what is the etiology of rabies?

Answer 11

rabies virus - neurotropic virus in genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae

Question 12

how do humans get rabies?

Answer 12

contact with infectious saliva or neurologic tissues through mucus membranes or broken skin usually do to a bite & infected organ transplants

Question 13

how are precautions taken for rabies prevention?

Answer 13

avoid bites from infected animals, wear PPE, seek medical care/prophylaxis if exposed, humans at risk of exposure should be vaccinated for rabies & have titers checked every 2 years

Question 14

what parts of the world have no rabies at all?

Answer 14

uk, australia, new zealand, ireland, japan, parts of scandinavia, singapore, malaysia, & pacific islands (hawaii)

Question 15

what is the classic case presentation of rocky mountain spotted fever in dogs?

Answer 15

fever, anorexia, mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, gi signs, joint/muscle pain, & maybe neuro signs

Question 16

what is the classic case presentation of rocky mountain spotted fever in humans?

Answer 16

fever, rash, headache, myalgia, & multi-organ involvement

Question 17

what is the etiology of rocky mountain spotted fever?

Answer 17

rickettsia rickettsii - pleomorphic obligate intracellular gram negative coccobacillus

Question 18

what may be an amplifying host for rocky mountain spotted fever?

Answer 18

rodents

Question 19

how is rocky mountain spotted fever spread?

Answer 19

tick bites

dermacentor andersoni - rocky mountain wood tick, most of north america

d. variablis - american dog tick, most of north america

rhipicephalus sanguineus - brown dog tick, arizona & mexico

Question 20

what precautions are taken when culturing the agent that causes rocky mountain spotted fever?

Answer 20

biosafety level 3 used to culture organisms

Question 21

where are the majority of cases of rocky mountain spotted fever seen?

Answer 21

NC, OK, AR, TN, & MS

Question 22

T/F: in humans, if left untreated, rocky mountain spotted fever can cause 85% mortality rate

Answer 22

true

Question 23

what is the classic case presentation of influenza in birds?

Answer 23

HPAI - coughing, sneezing, diarrhea, hemorrhage, & neuro signs

Question 24

what is the classic case presentation of influenza in pigs?

Answer 24

coughing, sneezing, fever, conjunctivitis, & oculonasal discharge

Question 25

what is the classic case presentation of influenza in humans?

Answer 25

fever, lethargy, coughing, nasal discharge, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, & myalgia

Question 26

what is the etiology of influenza?

Answer 26

influenza a virus - orthomyxovirus usually host adapted but can occasionally infect additional species

Question 27

what are the antigens that determine the influenza a viral subtype?

Answer 27

H - hemagglutinating antigen N - neuraminidase antigen

Question 28

what animals are hosts for influenza that serve for transmitting influenza to humans?

Answer 28

birds, pigs, & ferrets

Question 29

how is influenza spread from animal to animal?

Answer 29

fecal-oral route, fomites, & aerosols

Question 30

how is influenza spread to humans from animals?

Answer 30

close contact with infected animals, aerosols, & fomites

Question 31

what precautions are taken to prevent influenza infection in humans?

Answer 31

annual vaccination & PPE when handling infected animals (respiratory protection)

Question 32

what animals have been increasingly recognized as a source of influenza infections?

Answer 32

pigs - H1N1 now circulates seasonally worldwide

Question 33

T/F: dogs can be infected with H3N2 or H3N8 influenza viruses but there are no reports of humans contracting it from them

Answer 33

true

Question 34

what is the classic case presentation of listeriosis in ruminants?

Answer 34

encephalitis - brainstem lesions affect cranial nerves leading to circling, nystagmus, facial nerve paralysis, ptyalism abortion - usually last trimester without any warning signs

Question 35

what is the classic case presentation of listeriosis in humans?

Answer 35

usually a limited acute febrile gastroenteritis pregnant women - flu-like illness that may lead to abortion or neonatal sepsis

Question 36

what is the etiology of listeriosis?

Answer 36

listeria monocytogenes - gram positive, non-spore forming coccobacillus that lives in plant-soil environment & small animal gi tracts worldwide

Question 37

how do animals get listeriosis?

Answer 37

ingested or inhaled by animals, may enter small wounds in buccal mucosa

Question 38

how do humans get listeriosis?

Answer 38

ingestion of contaminated food, exposure to infected animals (typically animals that have aborted not those with encephalitis)

Question 39

how is listeriosis in humans prevented?

Answer 39

PPE when handling infected animals - especially those that have been recently aborted

Question 40

how can listeriosis be a food borne illness?

Answer 40

problem in uncooked foods because it can grow at normal fridge temps of 40°F

Question 41

T/F: in ruminants with listeriosis, you are unlikely to see cortical signs of aggression, seizures, or central blindness

Answer 41

true