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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 4 > Flashcards

Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what animals are most often affected by toad toxicity?

A

dogs affected most - sometimes cats

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2
Q

what body systems are affected by toad toxicity?

A

CNS, cardiovascular system

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3
Q

what are the toxic principles in toad toxicity?

A

bufagenins - act like digitalis, bufotoxins - act like local anesthetics, catecholamines, serotonin (block sodium channels in nerves)

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4
Q

what is the most toxic toad found in the us?

A

giant or marine toad (rhinella marina) - florida, texas, & hawaii

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5
Q

how is toad toxicity diagnosed?

A

history of exposure

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6
Q

how is toad toxicity treated?

A

thoroughly rinse mouth, treat any cardiac arrhythmias & give digoxin specific antibody If refractory, decrease salivation (atropine if normal cardiac rhythm), benzos for CNS excitement, & oxygen therapy for cyanosis

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7
Q

when is toad toxicity most often seen?

A

warm weather

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8
Q

what clinical signs are seen with toad toxicity?

A

oral irritation/frothing/pawing at mouth, retching, vomiting, cyanosis, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, & death

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9
Q

what are the major categories of insecticides that commonly cause toxicosis?

A

organophosphates, carbamates, organocholines, & pyrethrins

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10
Q

what body systems are affected by organophosphates & carbamates?

A

all systems - especially gi, neuromuscular, & CNS

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11
Q

what muscarinic clinical signs are seen with insecticide toxicity?

A

SLUD - salivation, lacrimation, urination, & diarrhea

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12
Q

what nicotinic clinical signs are seen with insecticide toxicity?

A

muscle tremors & weakness

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13
Q

what central nervous system clinical signs are seen with insecticide toxicity?

A

anxiety, ataxia, & seizures

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14
Q

what body system is affected by organochlorines?

A

CNS

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15
Q

what clinical signs are seen with organochlorine toxicity?

A

abnormal behavior, posture, vocalization, neuromuscular tremors, convulsions, & hyperthermia

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16
Q

what body system is affected by pyrethrin toxicity?

A

CNS

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17
Q

what clinical signs are seen with pyrethrin toxicity?

A

tremors, seizures, incoordination, hunched back, salivation, & death

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18
Q

how is organophosphate toxicosis diagnosed?

A

measure acetylcholinesterase concentration in blood & brain (usually a 70% or more decrease) & measure organophosphates in stomach/rumen, blood/serum, & urine

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19
Q

how is carbamate toxicosis diagnosed?

A

measure acetylcholinestersae concentration in blood/brain (usually 50% or more decrease) & measure carbamates in stomach/rumen, blood/serum, urine

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20
Q

how is organochlorine toxicosis diagnosed?

A

measure organochlorines in brain/liver/kidney/fat/stomach & check blood/urine in rest of herd/flock

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21
Q

how is pyrethrin toxicosis diagnosed?

A

measure pyrethrins/pyrethroids in tissues/fluids

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22
Q

what treatment is used for organophosphate toxicity?

A

decontamination, atropine, 2-PAM, & diazepam for seizures

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23
Q

what drug class should not be given to an animal with organophosphate toxicosis?

A

phenothiazines - will potentiate organophosphate

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24
Q

what treatment is used for carbamate toxicity?

A

decontamination, atropine, no 2-PAM!!!

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25
why can 2-PAM not be used in an animal with carbamate toxicity?
can reversibly bind & inhibit acetylcholinestersae & may exacerbate clinical signs
26
what treatment is used for organochlorine toxicity?
bathe if dermal exposure, decontamination, reduce stress, barbiturates, or diazepam
27
what treatment is used for pyrethrin toxicity?
bathe if dermal exposure, activated charcoal, barbiturates, or diazepam
28
why not induce emesis for a case of pyrethrin toxicity?
petroleum solvent may cause aspiration pneumonia
29
what is the pathophysiology of organophosphate toxicity?
irreversibly inactivates acetylecholinesterase at synapses & in erythrocytes
30
why are newer organophosphates considered to be safer?
they require hepatic activation
31
what is the pathophysiology of carbamate toxicity?
reversibly inactivates acetylcholinesterase at synapses and in erythrocytes
32
T/F: carbamates are considered to be safer than organophosphates and are used more often
TRUE
33
why are organochlorines not frequently used?
tissue residues & chronic toxicity
34
what is the pathophysiology of organochlorines?
CNS stimulation
35
what is the pathophysiology of pyrethrin toxicity?
affect sodium, chloride, & calcium channels - affect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
36
where are pyrethrins & pyrethroids derived from?
pyrethrins: plant c. cinerariaefolium, pyrethroids: synthetic derivatives of pyrethrins
37
what body systems are affected by petroleum product toxicity?
respiratory, gi, CNS, & dermal
38
what animals are most often affected by petroleum product toxicity?
usually dogs, cats, or ruminants - all species are vulnerable
39
what clinical signs are seen in all species with petroleum product toxicity?
excitability, incoordination, shivering, dyspnea, aspiration pneumonia, & death
40
what clinical signs are seen in small animals with petroleum product toxicity?
salivation, cough, choking, & vomiting
41
what clinical signs are seen in ruminants with petroleum product toxicity?
bloat
42
what is the toxic principle of petroleum products?
volatile hydrocarbons
43
how is petroleum product toxicity diagnosed?
odor of hydrocarbons from lungs/rumen contents/feces & measure hydrocarbons in lung/liver/kidney/gi contents
44
what treatment is used for small animals with petroleum product toxicity?
activated charcoal and maybe antibiotics for pneumonia - do not induce emesis because of aspiration risk
45
what treatment is used for ruminants with petroleum product toxicity?
relieve bloat with stomach tube
46
what is the pathophysiology of petroleum product toxicity?
cns dysfunction - chemical aspiration pneumonia from low viscosity & high volatility (gasoline, kerosene) increase aspiration risk
47
what is the prognosis for petroleum product toxicity that resulted in aspiration pneumonia?
poor
48
when may animals be exposed to petroleum products causing toxicity?
dogs/cats may ingest when grooming & ruminants may ingest because curious or thirsty
49
what animals are more severely affected by smoke inhalation?
smaller animals & birds
50
when do clinical signs start & peak from smoke inhalation?
12-48 hours after inhalation & compromise peaks at 12-24 hours post-inhalation
51
what clinical signs are seen from smoke inhalation?
coughing, stridor, tachypnea, dyspnea, voice change, depression, weakness, obtundation, & coma
52
what are some examples of toxic principles from smoke inhalation?
carbon monoxide, cyanide gas, methane, sulfur trioxide, & pyrolysis products (cause polymer fume fever)
53
what is the gold standard diagnostic for smoke inhalation?
laryngoscopy/bronchoscopy - see edema, ulceration, & subglottic injury
54
is PaO2 affected by carbon monoxide poisoning?
nope
55
how is smoke inhalation diagnosed?
pulse oximetry, arterial blood gas, elevated carboxyhemoglobin concentration, elevated lactate concentration, decreased PCV/hemoglobin (after 1 week)
56
what may be seen on thoracic imaging on a smoke inhalation case?
atelectasis, pulmonary edema, hyperinflation at 24-36 hours post inhalation
57
what may be seen on ecg on a case of smoke inhalation?
compatible with cariac ischemia (s-t segment elevation or depression & t wave inversion)
58
what specific treatment is indicated for methemoglobinemia from smoke inhalation?
methylene blue
59
what specific treatment is indicated for polymer fume fever?
acetylcysteine
60
what treatment is used for smoke inhalation cases?
intubation or tracheostomy to administer oxygen, bronchodilators, antibiotics, & corticosteroids
61
what is the pathophysiology of smoke inhalation?
thermal injury & inhaled toxicants
62
T/F: steam produces SEVERE lung injury
TRUE
63
what body system is affected by strychnine?
CNS
64
what animals are most often affected by strychine?
all species are vulnerable but most often in western USA in young large breed intact male dogs
65
what initial clinical signs are seen with strychnine toxicity?
nervous, stiff, & very rapid progression of clinical signs
66
what clinical signs are seen from strychnine toxicity?
generalized rigidity, tetanic spasms, tonic clonic seizures, hyperthermia, & death
67
what is the toxic principle of strychnine?
indole alkaloid
68
how is strychnine toxicity diagnosed?
measure strychnine in stomach contents, liver, kidney, & urine
69
how is strychnine toxicity treated?
decontamination, control seizures (pentobarb or methocarbamol), & prevent asphyxiation (intubate & breath for animal)
70
where does strychnine come from?
seeds of indian tree strychnos nuxvomica
71
what is the pathophysiology of strychnine toxicity?
competitive & reversible inhibition of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine at post-synaptic sites in spinal cord & medulla
72
T/F: there is restricted use of strychnine in pesticides because it is so highly toxic
TRUE
73
T/F: strychnine is often used in gopher bait
TRUE

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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