Cross Species Top 10 Reportable Diseases - Part 1

Question 1

what species are affected by foot-and-mouth disease? what species are not?

Answer 1

affected - cattle, goats, sheep, & pigs

not affected - HORSES!!!!!

Question 2

what is the classic case presentation of an animal with foot-and-mouth disease?

Answer 2

painful vesicles/erosions on tongue/muzzle/gums/teats/between claws/coronary bands, high fever, drooling thick sticky saliva with lip smacking, lameness, abortions, & fast spread between animals

Question 3

T/F: situation determines what diagnostic test to use for potential cases of foot-and-mouth disease

Answer 3

true

Question 4

what is the etiology of foot-and-mouth disease?

Answer 4

aphthovirus of the picornaviradae family with 7 serotypes

Question 5

what tests are used to diagnose foot-and-mouth disease? what samples are submitted?

Answer 5

tests - ELISA, PCR, virus isolation, electron microscopy, or complement fixation

samples - vesicular fluid, epithelium, exudates, pharyngeal/esophageal fluid, milk, semen, & blood

approved labs do initial testing & special reference labs do confirmatory testing

Question 6

what treatment is used for foot-and-mouth disease?

Answer 6

NONE - kill all affected/in contact

Question 7

what preventative measures are used for foot-and-mouth disease?

Answer 7

euthanize all positive & in contact animals - bury or burn carcasses

maintain strict movement/entry requirements

quarantine +/- vaccination - killed vaccine provides 4-6 months immunity

thorough disinfection of premises/equipment - disinfectant with a pH less than 6 or greater than 9

Question 8

what is the prognosis for animals with foot-and-mouth disease?

Answer 8

good for infected individuals

poor for overall herd health & economic outcome

guarded in neonates & nursing animals

Question 9

_______-___-______ disease is one of the most contagious animal diseases known & is reportable worldwide due to its severe economic impact & production losses

Answer 9

foot-and-mouth

Question 10

if you see these ulcers on a cow’s tongue that has signs of lameness, heavy drooling, and a high fever, what should you test for?

Answer 10

foot-and-mouth

Question 11

what disease is the ‘evil twin’ to foot-and-mouth disease?

Answer 11

vesicular stomatitis

Question 12

what species are affected by vesicular stomatitis? what environment & age group is more commonly implicated?

Answer 12

CATTLE & HORSES - occasionally swine, camelids, & rare in sheep/goats

warm humid areas in the western hemisphere - adult animals over 1 year of age

Question 13

what is the classic case presentation of an animal with vesicular stomatitis?

Answer 13

fever, salivation, difficulty eating, vesicles/erosions/ulcers on mouth/lips/teats/coronary band, hyperemic skin or raised blanched areas in the mouth, variable morbidity with low mortality

Question 14

what is the etiology of vesicular stomatitis?

Answer 14

rhabdoviridae family genus vesiculovirus with 2 serotypes - new jersey & indiana

Question 15

how is vesicular stomatitis transmitted?

Answer 15

transmission by insects (sand/black flies, mosquitos) or direct contact with saliva, epithelium, exudates, or fomites

Question 16

how is vesicular stomatitis diagnosed?

Answer 16

ELISA most common - used to identify the viral antigen or antibody

Question 17

what treatment is used for vesicular stomatitis?

Answer 17

symptomatic care - soft feed, bedding, analgesia, & +/- antibiotics

Question 18

what preventative measures are used for vesicular stomatitis?

Answer 18

QUARANTINE FARM!!! isolate affected animals, sanitation/disinfection, insect control, & vaccines

Question 19

T/F: mortality from vesicular stomatitis is rare, but economic losses are significant

Answer 19

true

Question 20

for an animal with vesicular stomatitis, what other diseases cannot be distinguished from it by clinical signs alone?

Answer 20

foot-and-mouth, swine vesicular disease, or vesicular exanthema of swine

Question 21

what are the 8 big rule outs for vesicular diseases?

Answer 21

1. bluetongue
2. bovine papular stomatitis
3. bovine viral diarrhea virus
4. foot-and-mouth disease
5. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
6. malignant catarrhal fever
7. rinderpest
8. vesicular stomatitis

Question 22

T/F: pigs are the only animals affected by classical swine fever

Answer 22

true

Question 23

what factors cause a varying severity of classical swine fever?

Answer 23

age - young animals are most severe with high mortality

immune status of the herd

strain of the virus

Question 24

what is seen in the classic case presentation of the acute form of classical swine fever?

Answer 24

high fever > 105°F, anorexia, constipation followed by diarrhea, cyanosis, erythema, skin hemorrhages, staggering, incoordination, posterior paresis, seizures, & death within 1-3 weeks

some cases are asymptomatic and are inapparent carriers

Question 25

what are some things that should make you suspect classical swine fever?

Answer 25

septicemia, high fever, incoordination, diarrhea, & death history of feeding garbage, new/returning animals to the herd NO response to treatment cases on a nearby farm

Question 26

what is seen on necropsy that is supportive of classical swine fever?

Answer 26

widespread hemorrhages turkey egg kidneys with pinpoint hemorrhages necrotic foci on the intestinal mucosa, larynx, & epiglottis

Question 27

what test is used for surveillance of classical swine fever?

Answer 27

RT-PCR

Question 28

what treatment is used for classical swine fever?

Answer 28

NONE! do not treat positive pigs!!!! reportable - notify federal & state veterinarians!!!! quarantine farm until definitive diagnosis is made, & isolate suspected CSF-animals

Question 29

how is classical swine fever prevented?

Answer 29

NEVER feed pigs undercooked garbage (swill) or pork products quarantine newly purchased or returning animals for a minimum of 30 days

Question 30

what are the main sources of infection for classical swine fever?

Answer 30

carrier pigs & feeding garbage

Question 31

T/F: classical swine fever is DISTINGUISHABLE from african swine fever

Answer 31

false - clinically INDISTINGUISHABLE

Question 32

if you see the pictured lesion on necropsy of a pig, what disease should you suspect?

Answer 32

classical swine fever

Question 33

what is the morbidity/mortality of the acute form of classical swine fever?

Answer 33

100% morbidity/mortality

Question 34

what is the 'evil twin' of classical swine fever?

Answer 34

african swine fever

Question 35

what is the natural host of african swine fever? what clinical signs do they exhibit?

Answer 35

wart hogs - no clinical signs

Question 36

how does african swine fever affect domestic pigs?

Answer 36

close contact between domestic pigs & wart hogs through infected ticks

Question 37

what is the etiology of classical swine fever?

Answer 37

RNA pestivirus of family flaviviridae

Question 38

what is the classical case presentation of african swine fever?

Answer 38

acute form - ear tip hyperemia, scleral hemorrhage, skin cyanosis, hemorrhagic intestines, high fever >105°F, 100% mortality

Question 39

what is the etiology of african swine fever?

Answer 39

DNA virus genus asfivirus - only member of the family asfarviridae

Question 40

how is a field diagnosis of african swine fever made? what samples are taken? where are they sent?

Answer 40

history & clinical signs - if suspected, report immediately samples sent only to authorized state diagnostic lab via secure shipping tonsils are the best sample - other options include kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, & whole EDTA blood

Question 41

what diagnostic test can detect the onset of african swine fever prior to clinical signs?

Answer 41

PCR on tonsil scrapings

Question 42

what is the treatment of african swine fever?

Answer 42

none - quarantine farm slaughter all, burn, or bury carcasses

Question 43

what is seen on necropsy of african swine fever?

Answer 43

a whole lot of hemorrhage

Question 44

what prevention is used for african swine fever?

Answer 44

strict biosecurity & sanitation protocols importation restrictions on pigs/pork products never feeding pigs undercooked garbage (swill) or pork products

Question 45

what is the vector that causes african swine fever leading to devastating economic impact?

Answer 45

soft ticks that inhabit wart hog burrows

Question 46

what is the classic presentation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

Answer 46

animal older than 2 years old with an insidious onset of abnormal behaviors - aggression, apprehension, ataxia, tremors, low head carriage, weight loss, & reduced milk yield

Question 47

what is the etiology of BSE?

Answer 47

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that is caused by a misfolded version of a normal cell prion proteins

Question 48

how is BSE tested for with surveillance screening? what about further definitive testing?

Answer 48

surveillance - ELISA test definitive - send to a national veterinary services lab approved for confirmation

Question 49

where can you find a list of approved labs where testing for BSE can be done?

Answer 49

national animal health laboratory network

Question 50

what treatment is used for BSE?

Answer 50

none - euthanized

Question 51

what prevention is used for BSE?

Answer 51

do not feed animal tissues/products to cattle incineration of infected carcasses is the best method to destroy prions test all downer cows for BSE take great care in handling tissues

Question 52

T/F: BSE is ALWAYS fatal

Answer 52

true

Question 53

unlike scrapie, what clinical sign isn't seen in BSE?

Answer 53

pruritus

Question 54

how is BSE spread?

Answer 54

spread by ingestion - no genetic susceptibility is required

Question 55

is BSE zoonotic? how?

Answer 55

YES!!! linked to variant form of creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans

Question 56

how would you describe this histopathology lesion taken from a cow with BSE?

Answer 56

vacuolar/spongy appearance of gray matter

Question 57

what is the best tissue sample that can be submitted for diagnosing BSE in a cow?

Answer 57

obex of the brain

Question 58

what is the common signalment of animal affected by scrapie?

Answer 58

adult sheep > 2 years, black faced breeds in USA seen in goats rarely

Question 59

what is the classic case presentation of a sheep with scrapie?

Answer 59

pruritus - sheep rub their skin constantly, wool is scraped off, hypersensitivity reactions progressive neurologic signs - head tremors, ataxia, bunny hopping, prancing, nibbling at legs & air behavior changes - separation from the flock, hyperexcitable weight loss with normal appetite dead within weeks to months once clinical signs are present

Question 60

what is the etiology of scrapie?

Answer 60

misfolded versions of normal cellular proteins - prions (PrPSC)

Question 61

how is scrapie diagnosed? what test is the gold standard? what samples are taken? what tests are used for screening?

Answer 61

must detect prion proteins in tissues IHC is gold standard - looking for vacuoles & plaques samples - brain tissue most often obex & for atypical scrapie, the cerebellum, lymphoid tissue biopsy of the 3rd eyelid western blot when tissues are autolyzed ELISA for screening - brain & lymphatic tissue

Question 62

how is scrapie treated?

Answer 62

no treatment - euthanasia

Question 63

how is scrapie prevented?

Answer 63

great care in handling & transporting tissues breed only genetically resistant sheep, do not feed ruminant proteins to sheep, maintain closed herd, euthanize positive sheep, & follow the eradicate scrape guidelines & US mandatory scrapie eradication program carcasses - incineration or alkaline digestion

Question 64

what is the incubation period of scrapie?

Answer 64

2-5 years

Question 65

T/F: because prions are a normal cellular protein, there is no immune response in scrapie

Answer 65

true

Question 66

what animals are affected by chronic wasting disease?

Answer 66

white tailed deer, mule deer, & elk

Question 67

what is the classic case presentation of chronic wasting disease?

Answer 67

white tailed deer, mule deer, or elk - in adults older than 16 months aspiration pneumonia due to esophageal dysfunction, weight loss, neurologic signs, behavior changes

Question 68

what is the etiology of CWD? how is it diagnosed? what samples are taken for deer & elk?

Answer 68

misfolded versions of normal cellular prion proteins (PrPCWD) detect the prions - ELISA for screening & confirmed with IHC or western blot deer samples - brainstem/obex, lymphoid tissue, & retropharyngeal lymph nodes elk samples - brainstem/obex & lymphoid tissues

Question 69

what treatment is used for CWD?

Answer 69

none - euthanize

Question 70

what prevention is used for CWD?

Answer 70

quarantine animals, test & cull animals, & disposal using incineration or approved disinfectants

Question 71

T/F: for CWD, cooking doesn't destroy prions from CWD

Answer 71

true

Question 72

T/F: horizontal transmission plays a role through direct contact of an infected animal & the environment in CWD

Answer 72

true

Question 73

what are the 3 types of EIA? which is the most common?

Answer 73

1. inapparent - most common, no clinical signs 2. acute - fever, lethargy, thrombocytopenia 3. chronic - recurrent episodes of fever, anemia, weight loss, ventral edema, & petechiation

Question 74

what is the etiology of EIA?

Answer 74

lentivirus from the retroviridae family

Question 75

how is EIA diagnosed? how must testing be done?

Answer 75

coggins test - AGID or ELISA must be performed at a USDA-approved lab & submitted by a licensed & federally accredited veterinarian

Question 76

what treatment is used for EIA?

Answer 76

none - euthanize

Question 77

what prevention is used for EIA?

Answer 77

euthanizing positive animals, regular testing, insect control

Question 78

what are your options for a horse if they test positive for EIA?

Answer 78

can either live isolated at least 200 yards away from other horses or euthanized

Question 79

what mandatory testing is required for EIA in horses?

Answer 79

all horses moved interstate or sold within a state must have tested negative for EIA within the last 12 months of the sale/move

Question 80

how is EIA transmitted?

Answer 80

transmitted by biting insects or blood transfer