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M2M Unit III > Carcinogenesis III > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis III Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

The ___ gene encodes for a virus polymerase.

A

pol

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2
Q

c-src has a different _____ than v-src and has numerous introns that do not exist in v-src.

A

carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence

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2
Q

____, a member of the c-myc family of oncogenes, is found amplified in ______.

A

N-myc; neuroblastoma

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2
Q

Tumor cells may have some of their properties reversed by either ______ and/or ______.

A

blocking the action of oncogenes; adding back any missing tumor suppressors

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2
Q

_____ measures the expression of 123 genes known to be altered in breast cancers.

A

The Breast cancer Xpress Chip

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2
Q

The Breast cancer Xpress Chip measures the expression of _____ known to be altered in breast cancers.

A

123 genes

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3
Q

Retroviruses that contain a ____ also have the ability to rapidly transform appropriate infected cells to the malignant phenotype.

A

v-onc segment

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4
Q

The pol gene encodes for a _____.

A

virus polymerase

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6
Q

The env gene for virus membrane _____.

A

glycoproteins

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7
Q

In patients with _____, the ABL tyrosine kinase can be inhibited by Gleevac (ST1571), an ATP analogue.

A

BCR-ABL translocation (The Philadelphia chromosome)

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8
Q

pp60v-src proteins change the properties of the cells by affecting ______.

A

gene expression

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8
Q

Cellular prototypes of ______ exist in all normal eukaryotic cells.

A

oncogenes

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8
Q

A change in gene regulation or gene structure due to a _____ could activate _____to cause a malignancy.

A

cellular mutation; oncogenes

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10
Q

v-src

A

oncogene of Rous Sarcoma Virus

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10
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Molecular knowledge of the genome in cancer cells

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11
Q

The gag gene codes for______.

A

internal virion proteins

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11
Q

Gene amplification of _____ has also been detected in some cancers and is very useful for _____.

A

c-onc genes; prognosis

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11
Q

Monoclonal antibodies specific for the protein product of the HER2/neu/erbB2 oncogene can _____.

A

reverse the transformed phenotype of the cancer cell

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12
Q

Quantitative changes in proto-oncogenes?

A

too much protein

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14
Q

The ____ gene codes for internal virion proteins.

A

gag

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15
Q

The _____ gene for virus membrane glycoproteins.

A

env

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16
Q

Mutations in both ______ and ______ are needed to transform a cell into a malignant one.

A

tumor suppressors; oncogenes

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17
Q

A few c-onc genes ligated to retroviral promoters can transform normal cells when introduced via _____ (examples: c-ras).

A

DNA mediated transformation

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18
Q

____ genes have been point mutated, producing a protein that is ______ and is always “on”.

A

c-ras; unregulated

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19
The protein coded by the v-src gene is a _____ that phosphorylates tyrosine residues in several different proteins.
membrane bound protein kinase
19
oncogene addiction
drugs inhibiting normal cellular proteins only target cancer cells because they are dependent upon the overexpressed oncogene
20
v-myc
gene usually fused with a portion of the gag gene- capable of eliciting neoplastic transformation of cells
21
\_\_\_\_ codes for a protein that is similar in structure to the cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR).
v-erb-B
22
\_\_\_\_ must simultaneously be changed to transform a normal cell to a malignant one.
Several genes
22
\_\_\_\_\_ are being used to extend the life of breast cancer patients.
Drugs that inhibit HER2/neu/erbB2
24
v-erb
oncogene of avian erythroblastosis virus
25
Herceptin
the antibodie used to treat HER2/neu/erbB2 cancers
27
c-ABL is found in the BCR-ABL translocation in the _____ and is overexpressed in BCR-ABL CML.
Philadelphia chromosome
29
v-abl codes for a _____ that phosphorylates ____ residues on other proteins.
protein kinase; tyrosine
30
Qualitative changes in proto-oncogenes?
overactive or unregulated protein
31
molecularly targeted therapy
identifying the defect in the tumor from the patient and then targeting the therapy to fit it
32
v-erb-B codes for a protein that is similar in structure to the \_\_\_\_\_.
cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR)
33
E1B mutant adenoviruses, which cannot inactivate p53 and thereby cannot kill wild-type cells, will \_\_\_\_\_.
kill p53- cancer cells preferentially
35
v-abl
oncogene found in Abelson leukemia virus
37
v-myc
gene usually fused with a portion of the gag gene- capable of eliciting neoplastic transformation of cells
37
The _____ oncogene (also called erbB2) is amplified in about ____ of breast cancers.
HER2/neu; 20%
37
Drugs that inhibit HER2/neu/erbB2 are being used to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
extend the life of breast cancer patients
38
In patients with BCR-ABL translocation (The Philadelphia chromosome), the _____ can be inhibited by _____ (ST1571), an ATP analogue.
ABL tyrosine kinase; Gleevac
40
\_\_\_\_\_ of c-onc genes have been observed in certain human cancers and indicate a _____ prognosis.
Translocations; poor
42
Higher levels of amplification correlate with a \_\_\_\_\_.
poor prognosis
43
The products of _____ mimic hormones or growth stimulating factors either by\_\_\_\_\_ or by affecting the structure of the ______ for these hormones.
oncogenes; resembling natural hormones; cell surface receptors
44
The protein coded by the v-src gene is a membrane bound protein kinase that ______ tyrosine residues in several different proteins.
phosphorylates
45
Clinical trials have shown that Gleevac (ST1571) is effective in ____ of patients.
95%
46
c-myc has many _____ not present in v-myc, although the coding sequences are nearly identical (\_\_\_ amino acid changes).
introns; 7
47
Detection of ____ mutations indicates a poor prognosis.
ras
50
The RNA genome consists of two identical strands held together by a \_\_\_\_\_.
tRNA molecule
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_, which cannot inactivate p53 and thereby cannot kill wild-type cells, will kill p53- cancer cells preferentially.
E1B mutant adenoviruses
52
Cellular transformation is assayed by _____ or \_\_\_\_\_.
tumor formation in animals after admin of oncogenic virus; transformation of cells in vitro
53
Patients with _____ are treated with Herceptin and those with _____ are treated with tamoxifen (estrogen antagonist).
high erbB2; high ER levels
54
Injection of the RB gene into a RB-negative small cell lung cancer line will \_\_\_\_\_.
inhibit tumorigenesis
55
\_\_\_\_\_ specific for the protein product of the HER2/neu/erbB2 oncogene can reverse the transformed phenotype of the cancer cell.
Monoclonal antibodies
56
The c-onc translocation results in ______ of the oncogene.
inappropriate and high level expression
57
\_\_\_\_ is found in the BCR-ABL translocation in the Philadelphia chromosome and is overexpressed in \_\_\_\_\_.
c-ABL; BCR-ABL CML.
58
The RNA genome consists of _____ held together by a tRNA molecule.
two identical strands
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_ or _____ due to a cellular mutation could activate oncogenes to cause a malignancy.
A change in gene regulation; gene structure
61
Patients with high erbB2 are treated with ____ and those with high ER levels are treated with ____ (estrogen antagonist).
Herceptin; tamoxifen
62
heat map
hybridization of the tumor DNA to “gene chip” containing all human genomic DNA sequences as molecular probes
63
\_\_\_\_\_ codes for a protein kinase that phosphorylates tyrosine residues on other proteins.
v-abl
64
The protein encoded by v-src is \_\_\_\_.
pp60v-src

M2M Unit III (30 decks)

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