Cardiac Conditions

Question 1

Which direction does a PDA shunt blood?

Answer 1

L to R (from aorta to pulmonary artery)

Question 2

Continuous/washing machine mumur

Answer 2

PDA

Question 3

Waterhammer pulses

Answer 3

PDA

Question 4

What is the most common congenital heart defect in dogs?

Answer 4

PDA

Question 5

What is the most common congenital heart defect in species other than dogs?

Answer 5

VSD

Question 6

How do you treat a PDA?

Answer 6

Surgical ligation or coil embolization

Question 7

How do you treat a reverse PDA?

Answer 7

None

Question 8

Which valve is most commonly affected by endocarditis in cows?

Answer 8

Tricuspid

Question 9

Which valve is most commonly affected by endocarditis in horses and small animals?

Answer 9

Aortic and mitral

Question 10

What can valvular endocarditis lead to?

Answer 10

Mitral regurgitation

Question 11

Does aortic regurgitation cause poor performance in horses?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Decrescendo holodiastolic murmur @ left base of horse heart

Answer 12

Aortic regurgitation

Question 13

What will you see on an echo of valvular endocarditis?

Answer 13

Vegetative lesions on heart valves

Question 14

Muffled heart sounds, pulsus paradoxus, and electrical alternans are all assoc. w/what heart condition?

Answer 14

Pericardial effusion

Question 15

How do you treat a pericardial effusion?

Answer 15

Pericardiocentesis, pericardectomy

Question 16

Why should you not give furosemide to a pericardial effusion?

Answer 16

Decreases preload on R heart = circulatory failure

Question 17

How will a pericardial effusion present on necropsy?

Answer 17

Nutmeg liver d/t R-CHF

Question 18

How will a pericardial effusion appear on rads?

Answer 18

Enlarged globoid heart

Question 19

Which arrhythmia causes pulse deficits but is usually clinically insignificant and is only sometimes assoc. w/cardiac disease?

Answer 19

APCs

Question 20

What is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia in cattle?

Answer 20

A-fib

Question 21

What causes A-fib in cattle?

Answer 21

Vagal tone, hypo/hyperK, Ca therapy

Question 22

What is the most common pathologic arrhythmia in horses?

Answer 22

A-fib

Question 23

Pulsus alternans is assoc w/which arrhythmia?

Answer 23

A-fib

Question 24

How do you treat A-fib in a horse?

Answer 24

Quinidine (Na channel blocker)

Question 25

If quinidine treatment of A-fib causes acceleration in ventricular response rate or HR >90, what other drug should you use as an adjunctive treatment?

Answer 25

Digoxin

Question 26

How do you treat A-fib in a dog?

Answer 26

Diltiazem, digoxin, atenolol, procainamide

Question 27

Chaotic electrical activity and mechanical activity during cardiac arrest?

Answer 27

V-fib

Question 28

When should you treat a dog with VPCs?

Answer 28

>100/24h, HR >180, R-on-T

Question 29

How do you treat V-tach?

Answer 29

Lidocaine

Question 30

What is ventricular asystole?

Answer 30

No electrical or mechanical activity

Question 31

What causes an ECG w/no P-waves, wide QRS, and tall T-waves?

Answer 31

Hyperkalemia

Question 32

Delay in conduction at the AV node

Answer 32

AV block

Question 33

Increased PR interval but no dropped QRS

Answer 33

1* AV block

Question 34

Which type of AV block is normal in a horse?

Answer 34

2* AV block

Question 35

P-R interval progressively lengthens before QRS drop

Answer 35

2* Mobitz I

Question 36

P-R interval unchanged but QRS drops often

Answer 36

2* Mobitz II

Question 37

What causes escape beats assoc. w/3* AV block?

Answer 37

Subservient pacemaker

Question 38

How do you treat a 3* AV block?

Answer 38

Pacemaker

Question 39

Why should you never treat a 3* AV block with lidocaine?

Answer 39

Will stop escape beats

Question 40

How do you treat CHF?

Answer 40

Furosemide, elanapril, pimobendan