Cardio Basics

Question 1

Tall slender P-wave = ___ atrial enlargement

Answer 1

Right

Question 2

Wide P-wave = _____ atrial enlargement

Answer 2

Left

Question 3

What determines stroke volume?

Answer 3

Preload, afterload, contractility rate

Question 4

What determines cardiac output?

Answer 4

Stroke volume x HR

Question 5

What is the heart’s response to acute blood loss?

Answer 5

Incr CO via catecholamine-induced vasoconstriction

Question 6

How does the kidney respond to acute blood loss?

Answer 6

ADH release causes H2O and Na resorption

Question 7

How does the spleen respond to acute blood loss?

Answer 7

Contraction injects RBCs into circulation

Question 8

What is the ECF:ICF ratio?

Answer 8

1:2

Question 9

What % of body weight is comprised of water?

Answer 9

TBW = 60% BW

Question 10

What is the ECF made of?

Answer 10

Plasma, interstital fluid, lymph

Question 11

Critical reduction in intravascular volume (dehydration, hemorrhage, third-spacing)

Answer 11

Hypovolemic shock

Question 12

How does hypovolemia cause shock?

Answer 12

Decr preload = decr SV = decr CO

Question 13

Result of decreased myocardial contractility with subsequent decrease in O2 delivery

Answer 13

Cardiogenic shock

Question 14

What type of shock is always assoc. w/primary heart disease?

Answer 14

Cardiogenic shock

Question 15

Occurs w/abnormal blood distribution that impairs blood return to the heart

Answer 15

Obstructive shock

Question 16

Type of shock that is typically secondary to sepsis and anaphylactic reaction causing vasodilation

Answer 16

Distributive/vasogenic shock

Question 17

Sound made by the closure of the AV valves

Answer 17

S1

Question 18

Sound made by the closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves

Answer 18

S2

Question 19

Subtle sound caused by ventricular relaxation (not usually heard in small animals)

Answer 19

S3

Question 20

Subtle sound assoc. w/atrial contraction (not heard in small animals)

Answer 20

S4

Question 21

Which ICS do you listen to the pulmonic valve?

Answer 21

L 3rd

Question 22

Which ICS do you listen to the aortic valve?

Answer 22

L 4th

Question 23

Which ICS do you listen to the mitral valve?

Answer 23

L 5th

Question 24

Which ICS do you listen to the tricuspid valve?

Answer 24

R 3-4th

Question 25

Small slit that allows shunting between RA and LA in fetus but disappears when lungs expand with first breath

Answer 25

Foramen ovale

Question 26

Which direction is the shunt if the foramen ovale fails to close?

Answer 26

LA to RA

Question 27

Calf with failure to thrive, pulmonary edema, and pneumonia likely has which congenital heart defect?

Answer 27

VSD

Question 28

Which direction is blood shunted with VSD?

Answer 28

L to R

Question 29

What does a R to L shunt cause?

Answer 29

Polycythemia

Question 30

What heart condition causes a polycythemia?

Answer 30

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 31

How many chambers do fish hearts have?

Answer 31

2

Question 32

How many chambers do reptile hearts have?

Answer 32

3 (2 atria + 1 ventricle)

Question 33

How many chambers do bird hearts have?

Answer 33

4

Question 34

What is the most common arrhythmia of pigs?

Answer 34

Sinus arrhythmias

Question 35

What causes a sinus arrhythmia?

Answer 35

Vagal tone (incr. HR w/inspiration)