CARDIO Flashcards
(282 cards)
1
Q
where does the respiratory system begin?
A
nares and trachea
2
Q
what is a pnuemothorax? how is it corrected?
A
when a hole is made in the chest and the lung deflates
chest tube to recreate the neg/ pressure
3
Q
which way does the diaphragm move during inspiration and expiration?
A
I-down
E-up
4
Q
what is external respiration
A
when you breath in oxygen and release CO2
5
Q
what is internal respiration
A
when blood carries oxygen to caillaries where it exchanged for the CO2 and carried back to lungs to exhale
6
Q
list the common diagnostic tools used for thoracic pathology
A
chest xray
CT scan
bronch
7
Q
what is a bleb?
A
fluid filled sac in the lung
8
Q
how are chest tubes secured?
A
silk suture
penduate
9
Q
list the 3 types of bronch specimens
A
biopsy
washings
brushings
10
Q
what is decortication?
A
removal of fibrinous deposits on the visceral or perietal pleura that interfere with respiratory function
11
Q
what is thoracic outlet syndrome?
A
compession of subclavian vessels and brachial plexus nerve complex at the superior aperture of the thorax
12
Q
the muscle layer of the heart
A
myocardium
13
Q
the right side of the heart has ______ chambers, called ____ and ______. They carry ______ blood through the _____ valve
A
2, atrium, ventricle, deoxygenated, pulmonary
14
Q
which chamber of the heart is the largest and strongest?
A
left ventricle
15
Q
the vessel that carries blood to the lungs from the heart
A
pulmonary arteries
16
Q
4 valves of the heart
A
aortic, mitral, pulmonary, tricuspid
17
Q
when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the capillaries
A
internal respiration
18
Q
when arteries are plaque filled
A
atherosclerosis
19
Q
invasive test to diagnose atherosclerosis
A
cardiac catheterization
20
Q
route of electrical activity of the heart
A
SA, AV, bundle of his, purkinjee fibers
21
Q
what is inserted after a needle has been used to find the artery for placement of a catheter?
A
guide wire
22
Q
cardiace cath is done under?
A
local anesthesia and fleuroscopy
23
Q
blood pressure is monitored with every beat of the heart using?
A
arterial line
24
Q
what is the thorax separated from the abd cavity?
A
diaphragm
25
how many pairs of ribs and vertebra?
12
26
the respiratory system divisions
nares and trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronci, tertiary bronchi
27
right lung lobes
3
28
what do lungs do?
exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
29
left lung lobes
2
30
alveoli
exchange of carbon dioxide and oyxgen
31
surfactant
decreases surface tension on the tissue and keeps it from collapsing
32
pleural cavity right and left
each contain a lung
33
what are the lungs lined with?
pleural membrane and separated in the middle by the mediastinum
34
what is the pleural membrane further divide into?
parietal and visceral pleura
35
what does pleural fluid do?
lubrication between the 2 membrances
36
what is needed to keep the lungs inflated?
negative pressure
37
top of the lung
apex
38
root of the lung
hilium
39
inspiration
you breath in and the diaphragm moves down to make room for the expanding lungs
40
expiration
you breath out and the diaphragm moves up as the lungs deflate
41
what type of test isn't done for thoracic pathology?
ultrasound, can't pass through structures
42
bronchial arteries
branch off the aorta
43
what does each bronchus have?
its own pulmonary artery and vein
44
empyema
infection of the pleural fluid causing pus
45
postions used most often
lateral, don't lean on patient
46
when is a double lumen ET tube used?
when the affected lung will need to be collapsed during the procedure
47
CVP
central venous pressure monitoring line
48
swan ganz catheter
monitors heart function, pulmonary artery
49
thoracostomty
incsion made into the chest wall to provide an opening for the purpose of drainage, then catheter entered to drain fluid
50
underwater chest drainage sytem
used with chest tube to reestablish negative pressure in chest cavity
51
mini thoracotomy
no chest tube, just make small incsion to create negative pressure
52
3 needs for chest tubes to function properly
positive expiratory pressure, gravity, suction
53
PEEP
maintance of positive pressure within the lungs at the end of expiration
54
thoracic procedure meds
normally epidural
55
bronch
inspect inside of the trachea and bronci
56
biospies
tiny bits of tissue out of biopsy forceps
57
washings
pap trap to collect
58
brushings
smear on slide
59
mediastinoscopy
suprasternal incision
60
tracheotomy
tube must be ready prior to incision, obturator stays with the patient
61
what can be accessed with anterior or posterior thoracic incsions?
lung, heart, aorta, esophagus
62
thoracic incisions
anterior or posterior or thoracoabdominal
63
pneumonectomy
excision of entire lung, done for cancer
64
lobectomy
excision of lobe, irreversable dilation of the bronchi
65
wedge resection
removal of lung wedge for diagnosis
66
TA 55
bronchus when a pneumonectomy is being done
67
GIA
used for wedge resection
68
thoracoscopy
endoscipic view of pleural space looking at the outside of the lung for blebs
69
how is thoracic outlet syndrome treated?
resection of the first rib
70
treatment option for patients with chronic emphysema when other medical management isn't effective
lung volume reduction
71
emphysema
destorys the walls of the alveoli and patient suffers dyspnea
72
lung transplant
can be single or double
73
single lung transplant
emphysema, pulmonary hypertension
74
double lung transplant
cystic fibrosis or chronic infection in end stage pulmonary disease
75
what might a lung transplant be in conjunction with?
heart transplant
76
what can the donor be for a lung transplant?
cadaver, brain death, living relatives
77
what is the lung submersed in after transplant?
collins
78
3 anastomoses are done
bronchus to bronchus pulonary artery to pulmonary artery, recipient pulmonary veins to donor atrial cuff
79
pectus excavatum
breatbone is sunken into the chest
80
pectus carinatum
present during chilhood and worsens during adolescence, protrusion deformity
81
anastomis order for heart
distal then proximal
82
extremities anastomosis order
proximal then distal
83
what is the heart?
power pump of the circulatory system
84
how many chambers does the heart have?
4
85
what is the heart divided into?
right left halves
86
pericardial sac
heart is contained in this sac
87
parietal layer
outer layer
88
visceral layer
inner layer
89
pericardial fluid
separates the two layers and serves as a lubricant to prevent friction
90
epicardium
outer lining
91
endocardium
inner layer
92
where is the atrium located?
top
93
ventricles
larger and more muscular-left being the largest
94
aortic valve
between the aorta and left ventricle, leaves the heart
95
pulmonary valve
between the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery
96
mitral valve
between the left atrium and the left ventricle
97
tricuspid valve
between the right atrium and right ventricle
98
blood supply to the heart
2 arteries that arise from the ascending aorta
99
what are the blood supplies to the heart called?
right and left coronary arteries
100
coronary arteries
found in the epicardium and branch off into smaller arteries
101
complete heart block
caused by MI, beta blockers
102
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, which pumps it through the aortic valve into the aorta
103
right atria
receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and pumps it through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, which pumps itt through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery
104
VEAL
veins enter the heart and arteries leave the heart
105
aorta
main artery of the body
106
what does the aorta do?
carries oxygenated blood out to the peripheral arteries
107
sections of the aorta
ascending, arch, descending, thoracic, abdominal
108
where is the aorta located?
off the heart near the left ventricle
109
innominate arteries
brachicephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
110
what do the innominate arteries do?
carry blood to the head and upper extremities
111
vena cava
largest veins of the body
112
where is the vena cava located?
off the heart near the right atrium
113
tunica advantitia
outer layer of blood vessels
114
tunica media
middle layer of blood vessels
115
tunica intima
innermost layer of blood vessels
116
vasa vasora
network to supply vessels with blood
117
arterial circulation
powered by the heart
118
venous circulation
powered by skeletal muscles
119
what is atherosclerosis also known as?
coronary artery disease
120
where is the catheter for an cardiac cath normally placed?
femoral artery
121
why is a cardiac cath done?
check function of the heart valves and coronary arteries are checked
122
catheterization steps
```
vessel is entered with a finder needle
guid wire is inserted
dilator is used to enlarge opening
catheter is threaded
guide wire removed
catheter is secured
```
123
most common valves for stenosis
aortic and mitral
124
septum
wall separating the chambers of the heart
125
patent ductus
vessel present in utero that shunts blood to the aorta instead of the lungs
126
tetralogy of fallot
ventricular septal defect
pulmonary stenosis
an aorta that overrrides the ventricluar septal defect
right ventricular hypertrophy
127
what happens with tetralogy of fallot
decreased blood flow, cyanosis, hypoxia
128
coarctation of the aorta
congenital defect that may not be discovered until adulhood, localized narrowing of the vessel if not fixed: stroke
129
aneurysms
weakened wall of an artery
130
can an aneurysm be congenital?
yes
131
arterial embolisms
blood clot, fat, air or pieces of tumor that become lodged in a vessel and block the flow
132
what is an arterial embolism treated with first?
anticoagulants
133
intermittent claudication or arterial insufficiency
not enough blood flow to keep up with oxygen demands
134
anemia
not enough healthy RBC to carry adequate oxygen to tissues
135
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
| prevents blood from clotting normally
136
hemophilia
disorder of blood clotting system causeing prolonged bleeding
137
marfans syndrome
affects musculosketetal system and cause cardiovascular abnormalities
138
disease that is progressive, irreversible condition resulting in diminshed lung capacity
COPD
139
chest tubes must be connected to an open drainage system that is kept above chest level
false
140
lung scans are useful in identifying all of the following except
hypoxia
141
what isnt a hemostatic agent used in thoracic surgery?
heparin
142
may be taken upon completion of thoracic procedure to assess lung reexpansion
PA and later xrays
143
the rigid bronchoscope is used to?
remove foreign object
144
what postion is used to provide access to anterior lung surfaces and mediastinal structures
supine
145
prognosis of patient who had thoracic surgery because of cancer depends on?
type, location, stage
146
for lung transplant the patient may be directly transported to PACU to be closely monitored?
true
147
many thoracic procedures require the patient to be placed in what position?
lateral
148
which is a post op complciation of thoracic surgery
pe, hemorrhage, mediastinal shift
149
most thoracic procedure sare performed under local anesthesia
false
150
positioning for posterolateral thoracotomy approcach
lateral
151
position used for median sternotomy approach
supine
152
what is not a change in pressure of bluid in the respiratory system?
emphysema
153
foley catheter
measures kidney function
154
cardiopulmonary bypass machine
oxygenates and pumps the blood
155
cannulas for bypass machine
right atrium and aortic
156
insitu
devalve
157
defibrillator
reestablish AV node operation of the heart
158
heparin
thins blood, decreases clot forming, allow 3 minutes placed prior to entering a vessel
159
protamine sulfate
counteract effect of heparin
160
papaverine
keep arterial grafts from spasming
161
epi
raise BP, stimulates heart
162
cooling the CV pt
increase warmth, cool with slush
163
characteristics of grafts
nonreactive to the body
164
types of grafts
straight and bifurcated, cortex and woven
165
prolene
monofilament
166
ethibond
braided nonabsorbable, reinforce areas, sew in valves
167
pledget
small piece of teflon patch, reinforce
168
doppler probe
assess arterial flow
169
coronary angioplasty
balloon used to dilate the artery and flatten arteriosclerosis to open the artery
170
when is coronary angioplasty done?
when blockage doens't warrant CABG
171
factors of coronary artery disease
diet, exercise, age, heredity
172
arteriotomy
opening of an artery
173
grafts for CABG
saphenous, mammary, radial artery or vein
174
MID CABG
heart not stopped, no bypass machine
175
robotic CABG
chest isn't opened, without bypass machine
176
aortic or mitral valve replacement
valve removed with pituitary ronguer
177
artifical replacement
soaked in antibiotics prior to use
178
porcine replacement
rinsed 3 times with saline and saline from last basin is cultured
179
descending aortic aneurysm
use bypass to protect lower half of body
180
aortic coarctation
occurs in aorta, after the arch
181
what is the pacemaker of the heart?
sa nose
182
what happens when the sa node or the av node don't work?
need artifical pacemaker
183
pacemaker insertion
continuous ECG monitoring, could cause cardiac dysrhythmias
184
pericardiectomy
excsion of adhered pericardium to relieve constriction of compressed heart, caused by TB NO BYPASS
185
is a pericardiectomy a cure?
no just palliative measure
186
ventricular remodeling/ventricular aneurysm repair
batista, for cardiomyopthy or aneurysm
187
goal of ventricular remodeling/ventricular aneurysm repair
improve cardiac function and output, heart transplant is altern.
188
ventricular remodeling/ventricular aneurysm repair suture
purse string around dead area
189
transmyocardial revascularization
relieve severe angina in pts who arn't cand. for bypass surgery due to advanced disease *uses laser
190
angiography
flow through vessel
191
angioscopy
visulalization of inside of artery to assess pathology and function
192
vena cava filter insertion
pt with history of emboli in pelvis, catches emboli
193
when is a vena cava filter used?
heparin is contraindicated or ineffective
194
where is vena cava filter most often placed?
right femoral vein
195
AAA location
below the renal arteries
196
endovascular AAA repair
endograft introduced through expose femoral artery
197
intermittent claudication
pain with exercise of extremity, really serious if it happens at rest
198
embolectomy
blood clot post op is most common embolus
199
carotid endarterectomy
plaque build up, removal with freer and repair of artery
200
AV fistula/shunt
joining of artery and vein to dilate vein, kidney failure for dialysis
201
av fistula location
radial artery and cephalic vein
202
VAD implantation common veins
subclavian and internal jugular
203
venous closure
treat venous reflux or venous insufficiency that lead to varicose veins
204
tumescent
numb area, protect surrounding tissue
205
what is attached at the end of a webster vessel cannula?
syringe and vessel
206
when sweing in a graft, the ___ end is usally attached first and then ____
proximal, de aired then distal
207
what will be handed after right angle
ties, umbilical tape, vessel loops
208
limb with poor blood flow
pale, no pulse, cold
209
used to pull a clot out of an arteriotomy
fogary cath
210
AAA tips
long instruments, 4-0 prolene
211
used to daignose carotid artery disease
angiogram
212
3 common meds on vascular cases
hep saline, thrombin, antibiotic irrigation
213
how is heart protected during CPB?
cardioplegia
214
how can a rubber catheter tournique be made?
placced over each suture
215
how does atherosclerosis form?
artery is injured by cholesterol
216
what are complications of MI?
rupture, aneurysm
217
cardiac tamponade and tx
compression of heart due to collection of blood, pericardial window
218
repeat sternotomy
use oscillating saw
219
how is IMA prepared?
papervine soaked to prevent vasospams
220
procedure to treat mitral valve?
CMC
221
risks for peds surgery?
blood loss, monitor irrigation
222
patent ductus arteriosus
doesn't close after birth, clamp clamp cut tie
223
if cyanosis severe what can be done until full repair?
shunt placed
224
where does atherosclerosis involvement tend to begin?
aortic bifurcations
225
what is primary indication for a carotid endar.?
TIA's
226
cause of TIA's
small pieces of plaque
227
how is a vein prepared for used?
valves striped away
228
types of graft that must be preclotted?
dacron
229
what is used to strip valves?
cardio valvulotome
230
tx for varicose veins
recurrent, external bleeding
231
vessels responsible for exchange of oxygen and metablic waste
capillaries
232
part of the artery responsbile for vasoconstriction and vasodilation
tunica media
233
what is only found in veins?
valves
234
how far should the ballon go past?
1-2cm
235
what are urokinase and streptokinase used for?
lysis of emobolus
236
used to sture a graft to an artery tech.
running 5-0 or 6-0 non absorbable
237
hemorrhage, ulceration, cellutis complications
varicose veins
238
prep for vein stripping
toes to groin circum.
239
what is balloon angioplasty performed for?
atherosclerotic thicking
240
what is the stent not made of?
ceramic
241
double lumened vascular device for admin. of chemo
groshong
242
core removed for the carotid artery
plaue
243
mortality for ruptured AAA?
more than 80 percent
244
diagnostic test for AAA repair
aortogram
245
specimen for AAA
thrombus and plaque
246
what chamber is responsible for pumping blood into the pulm. artery?
rt ventricle
247
where does the coronary arteries originate?
ascending aorta
248
what isn't a component of the bypass machine
defibrillator
249
what is freq. used to repair septal defect in peds?
dacron patch
250
tiny vessels that nourish the cells of arterial walls
vasa vasorum
251
portion of the aorta that descends but is above the diaphragm
thoracic
252
portion of aorta that runs between diaphragm and bifurcation of iliac arteries
abd
253
arteries that become femoral arteries as they exit the pelvis
external iliac
254
artery that serves the head and neck
left common carotid
255
number of true ribs
7
256
what isn't found in the mediastinum
diaphragm
257
lung reduction surgery is performed to patients with emphysema
true
258
lung tissue is friable
true
259
the apex of the lung is located superiorly and just above the clavicle
true
260
what does the chest trube rely on?
water seal to reestablish neg. pressure
261
what are the manubrium, body and xiphoid parts of?
sternum
262
saphenous vein for coronary art. graft
reversed for anstomsosis
263
the ventricles of the heart has thinner myocaridum than the atria
false
264
thymomas, neurogenic tumors and pleuropericardial cysts can be biopsied during what?
medistinoscopy
265
does a VAT used CO2?
no
266
lifescan for heart valves
10-15 years
267
is cardiomyopathy curable?
no, tx is heart transplant
268
condition on heart muscle dies from ischemia
MI
269
device attached to suction for collection of mucous
lukens tube
270
lung decortication is perfomed to release constriction of the lungs by fibrin layers
true
271
atelectasis
collapsed lung
272
a heart murmur is usally heard with ausculation over the mitral valve
true
273
used to aspirate secretions and check for leaks
bronch
274
glass syringes cause less accum. of bubbles
true
275
what is ejection fraction
% blood pumped out of the heart
276
heartblock would require a pacemaker
true
277
control BP, o2 and co2
aortic bodies
278
superior mesenterie artery
supplies inferior upper abd organs
279
controls force and rate of contraction heart
medulla oblongata
280
epidural with VATS
yes
281
50% of occlusive coronary lesions occur in?
left anterior descending
282
used for pts awaiting heart transplant
VAD
