ORTHO test 1 Flashcards
(304 cards)
1
Q
where is the ideal location and time to shave the ortho patient?
A
right before surgery, in the pre op area
2
Q
what type of treatment is used when the fracture needs to have continuous traction?
A
closed reduction with external fixator
3
Q
oscillating saw
A
side to side
4
Q
what complication can occur from excessive weights on the traction or inadequate immobilization with casting?
A
delayed union due to mechnical reason
5
Q
five stages of osteogenesis
A
inflammation, cellular proliferation, cellular formation, ossification, remodeling
6
Q
what do muscles interact with?
A
nerves, minerals, skin
7
Q
where does an autograft come from-what is its opposite?
A
comes from patient-opposite is allograft
8
Q
total knee patellar component
A
replace patellar surface
9
Q
Two instruments used on a shoulder scope to make incisions opposite of one another?
A
Wisinger rod, switching stick
10
Q
blades
A
cut/saw bone
11
Q
what type of traction is applied with closed reduction?
A
manual or skin
12
Q
when is ORIF used?
A
cant be reduced with closed method
13
Q
extension
A
a joint
14
Q
coxa
A
hip
15
Q
plantar flexion
A
specifically to bend foot downward at toward sole
16
Q
nerve hook
A
retract nerves and blood vessels
17
Q
synarthrotic
A
nonmovable
18
Q
what is important to remember in the care of arthroscopy instruments?
A
handle gently, don’t kink
19
Q
finger rasp
A
smooth bone
20
Q
osteomalacia
A
softening of bones
21
Q
what are the goals of fracture treatment?
A
reestablish length, shape, alignment, anatomic function
22
Q
total knee femoral component
A
replace femoral surface of knee joint
23
Q
pathological fracture
A
caused by disease
24
Q
how many prep kits if prepping for a graft site?
A
two
25
acromioplasty
used to treat limited painful ROM impingement syndrome
26
shaft of bones
diaphysis
27
posterior
toward the back
28
irregular bones
vertebrae, facial bones
29
rotation
moving a body part around a central axis
30
freer
free tissue
31
two types of devices used for fractures of the tibia, femur, humerus and where are they placed?
robs, nails
| IM canal
32
what type of water is used for fiberglass and plaster casts?
cool and tepid
33
cylinder cast
knee immobilization
34
Vascular meniscus
Outer edge 10-25%
35
regular screwdriver
insert or remove screws
36
If a tear occurs in the vascular what will be used to repair it?
Suture 0, 2-0 vicryl, PDS or proline
37
When doing an ACL reconstruction what is always done first?
Correct any other pathologies first
38
lane bone holder
hold bone in place
| femur, self retaining-usually used in pairs
39
position of a shoulder arthroscopy
semi fowlers/lateral
40
periosteum
covers bones, provides attachment for tendons, muscles, ligaments
41
de quervans
inflmmation of the tendon sheath of the thumb
42
another name for diarthrosis joints
synovial joint
43
yellow bone marrow
fat center of shaft in adults
44
common graft used for acl reconstruction
patellar tendon graft
45
the______ are stimulated by the ________ to dissolve bone and release _____into the vascular system for important functions such as the actions of muscle?
osteoclasts, parathyroid gland, calcium
46
test used to test joint stability of knee
lachman and drawer
47
long leg cast
femur, tibia, fibular, ankle fracture
48
spinal column
```
cervical 1-7
thoracic 1-12
lumbar 1-5
sacrum 5
coccyx 4
```
49
what tissue are diarthrotic joints line with?
synovial membrane
50
what part is slightly larger on the meniscus?
medial
51
PMMA
bone cement to hold prosthesis in place
52
punches/biter
remove tissue from joints
53
why is exercise important for bone formation?
to prevent bone loss
54
talipes
foot
55
short bones
carpal and tarsal bones
56
lateral
toward the side
57
CMTS
color, motion, temperature, sensation
58
hip screw
bridge to promote bone healing
| used with hip plate
59
five steps of bone healing
begins at the time of fracture and lasts about two days
begins on day two and fibrin mesh forms
lasts three to four weeks
begins two-three weeks after injury and lasts 3-4 months
maintenance state of normal bone
60
compound fracture
bone pierces skin
61
cannulas
allow for passage of arthroscope and instruments
62
circumduction
moving a body part in a circular path without moving the entire body
63
strain
injury to muscle or tendon due to overstretching
64
blount knee retractor
hold back structures,
| ACL, patella
65
seven steps of inserting a lag screw
guide pin is placed across the fracture
an angle guide is used to measure the degree of angle from the pin down the side of the femur
a reaming device is used to make the path for the lag screw to follow
tap is used to make a path for the threads of the lag screw
lag screw is placed
side plate is attached to the lag screw and screws are used to hold it in place
compression screw placed to hold the lag and plate together
66
rickets
disease of children caused by vitamin d deficiency
67
Three things a meniscal tear presents with?
Locking, clicking, fluid accumulation
68
cannulated screw
screw with hollow central shaft, usually inserted over a guide wire or pin
69
three joints that can be scoped
knee, shoulder, elbow
70
key elevator
separate periosteum from bone
71
flexion
any joint, decreasing a joint angle
72
when is external fixation most often used?
severe fracture, many fragments, infected
73
2 advantages/disadvantages of ORIF
direct observation, increase effectiveness with communited fractures
d: increase infection and risk of nonunion
74
what is the segment of vertebrae closet to the head?
cervical
75
knuckle like projection of bone
condly
76
anterior
toward the front
77
What is the ma for electrical current?
18-22
78
the hormone ____ from the ___ gland activates ___ to build more osteocytes when the ____ level is stable
calcitonin, thyroid, osteoblasts, calcium
79
bursa
small sac lubricates for joint movement
80
threaded pin
stabilize fractures, large bone surfaces
81
the top of the glenoid cavity is formed by the bony point on the top of the shoulder called the acromion process of the _____
spula
82
osteochondritis
inflammation of bone or cartilage
83
total shoulder arthroplasty
used to treat painful glenohumeral arthritis with significant loss of ROM or osteonecrosis
84
what is a joint irrigation pump not needed for?
ankle/elbow
85
exothermic
accompanied by the release of heat
86
what is lagging?
fracture fixation technique
87
hallux
great toe
88
valgus
turns outward away from midline
89
what does ORIF stand for?
open reduction with internal fixation
90
guide pin
guide reamers for insertion of rods
91
three types of joint immobilzation devices
cast, splint, brace
92
describe cancellous bone
soft, spongy, found at iliac crest
| contains red bone marrow, in center of long bones
93
who can apply tourniquets?
rn, md, stfa
94
body jacket
spine immobilization
95
ganglion
tendon sheath cyst
96
what type of treatment doesn't use a cast?
closed recution with external fixator
97
what is routinely done in donor sites because of the difficulty in achieving hemostasis?
drains placed
98
internal rotation
point the toes or flex arm inward or rotate toward the midline
99
what is used to smooth out fiberglass casts after application?
lotion
100
cortical bone
hard bone, found in diaphysis or shafts of long bones
101
two types of amphiarthrosis joints
pubic symphysis, intervertabral joints
102
two terms that describe a hollow or depression in the bone
fossa and fovea
103
What type of anesthesia would be used on an elbow scope?
General for total relaxation
104
adduction
bring toward the middle; toward the midline
105
steinman
pin segments in large diameters used for skeletal traction
106
supinate
turn upward
107
if implants are different alloys or reused
corrode, causing breakdown of implant, can causes irriation
108
lag screw
used with side plate held in place with a compression screw
109
stimulator
low level current treatment of nonunion or delayed union
110
small gouge
gouge out bone
111
sesamoid bone
found within tendons
112
bunion
bony growth (exostosis) medical aspect first toe
113
what type of procedure can be useful in finding tumors>
bone scan, with injection of substance
114
smiley retractor
hold back structures
| knees
115
long arm cast
ulnar/radius or elbow fracture
116
polyester, braided nylon
attach tendon to bone
117
plaster rool
protection of an extremity during the healing process
118
four steps to fracture treatment
reduction, stabilize, confirm with xray, immobilize
119
rounded protuberance that forms a joint articulation, is covered by cartilage and is found at the ends of bone?
condyls
120
shoulder arthroscopy
used for diagnosis, removal of loose bodies, rotator cuff repiars
121
arthrography
joints
122
the malignant tumor osteosarcoma primarliy affects the ____ bones and commonly metastasizes to the lungs
long
123
inversion
turning the foot inward at the ankle joint
124
reamer
giving the finishing touch to the hole
125
what do you utilize for shoulder arthroscopy positioning?
beach chair/ trapezee
126
dorsiflexion
specifically to bend foot upward at ankle
127
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
128
hibbs retractor
hold back structures for hip surgery
129
what should be used when bending plates?
plate benders from specific manufacturer
130
four steps in the routine for inserting a screw
drill, measure, tap, screw
131
a benign tumor of the cartilage is called a ____ whereas a benign tumor of the bone is called an _____
chrondoma, osteoma
132
greenstick fracture
bent but not broken all the way, occurs in children
133
flat bones
ribs, sternum, cranial bones
134
small elevation of bone
tubercle
135
three goals of positioning
exposure,alignment, nerve safety
136
pin cutter
cut large pins
137
burrs
remove unwanted bone
138
another name for manmade fracture
| fixation device used? and why?
osteotomy
| staples- gradually push apart the two bones
139
rod or nail
placed in the IM shaft of long bones
140
distraction
pulling apart
141
what is the tissue that covers the ends of the long bones (the condyles)?
cartilage
142
smooth pin
stabilize fractures
143
what does diagnostic arthroscopy mean?
to look
144
which sesamoid bone is found in the knee?
patella
145
test used to test joint stability of shoulder
spirling and hawkins
146
fiber optic light cord
provide light
147
What is it called when you take a piece of bone from the femoral condyle when doing an ACL?
Notchplasty
148
ankylosis
abnormal stiffness or fixation of a joint
149
artificial knee joint components
femoral/tibial and patellar components
150
box chisel
take out square of bone- make window
| total hips
151
what areas should be isolated when the surgical site is on the upper third of the leg?
groin/anal
152
operative arthroscopy
meants to work
153
list 3 types of tractiion
skin, manual, skeletal
154
why would a surgeon choose to do a closed reduction with cast?
lower infection, improve results
155
bucket handle tear
meniscus is torn, most common knee injury
156
two extra equipment in the room for ortho case
TV tower, implant carts, distraction devices
157
five types of diarthrosis joints
```
gliding-carpals of the wrist
hinge-elbow, knee
pivot-wrist
condyloid-TMJ
saddle-metacarpal of thumb
```
158
bankwart, putti platt, bristow
used for a recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder
159
orthopediic plates
used with screws and bent to fit the bone to hold the fragments in place during healing
160
wire scissors
cut finge gauge wire
161
varus
turns inward toward midline
162
three main components of external fixators?
bone anchoring device, longitudional supports, connecting elements
163
steps for closed reduction
prepare a bucket of lukewarm water
use scissors to prepare the stockinette of approp. length
pass the webril/plaster
drop the plaster or fiberglass vertically
wait for all bubbles to ceases; compress to remove excess water
pass plaster roll or fiber glass
elevate on pillow using flat of hand
air dry or use the cast drier
164
the malignant tumor occurring in the bone marrow is called _____
multiple myeloma
165
what is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?
ligament: stability, dense, hold bone to bone
tendon: transmits force, tough, form end s of muscles
166
three types of joint immobilization devices
collar, bunion, shoe
167
hand drill with key
insert or remove traction key
| not often used in OR
168
cortical screw
used in cortical bone, narrow threads, go across whole width of bone
169
short leg cast
ankle and foot fractures, triple arthrodesis
170
arthrodesis
surgical fusion of a joint
171
four types of devices used for oRIF
pin, wire,- most common screw, rod
172
Four reasons why a shoulder scope would be done?
Loose bodies, lysis of adhesions, synovial bx, bursectomy
173
osteogenesis
formation of bone
174
subluxation
partial dislocation of a joint
175
esmark
exsanguinate extremity
176
type of alloys used in the manufacturing process?
stainless steel
177
avascular necrosis
disruption of the blood supply due to trauma, diease, or medications
178
will the surgeon need a tap if the screw is a pretapped screw?
yes to make a path for the threads to follow
179
hammer toe
also known as claw or mallet due to position of joints
180
three types of synovial joints
elbow, knee, shoulder
181
main complication of osteoporosis
break
182
spica cast
immobilization of hip/leg of affected side to the mid thigh of unaffected leg
183
total hip acetabular component
replace arthritic acetabulum
184
if an arm is moved away from the body and the fingertips are made to touch the shoulder, what 2 motion words describe these movements?
abduction, flexion
185
femoral broach/reamer
open up femoral canal
186
the appendicular skeleton refers to the ___ and ___ the axial skeleton refers to the ___,___,___ and ___
upper, lower, cranium, vertabrae, ribs, sternum
187
complication fro cast being placed too tight?
compartmental snydrome, ishechemia
188
nonunion
bone healing is interrupted
189
sprain
stretched or torn ligament
190
______ is an inflammation and infection of the bone and bone marrow. it is a danger with any kind of ortho surgery. the genus _____ bacteria are the most common causative organisms
osteomyelitis, staphylcocci
191
preparation of plaster rolls
submerge in tepid water, don't ring out
192
how many bones are in the body?
206
193
ACL reconstruction is done after what 3 things are tried first?
Rehab, exercise, brace
194
What is the most common graft used for ACL?
Patellar tendon graft
195
rasp
smooth bone
| used on larger bone
196
lewin bone clamp
hold bone in place
| total joint
197
comminuted fracture
several pieces
198
wire nips
cut small wire
199
arthroscopic bankart procedure
uses a shaver, burr, suture hook, and MITEK anchors for an arthroscopic repair
200
total knee tibial component
replace tibial surface of knee joint
201
nibbler, single action ronguer, double action ronguer
bite off tissue
202
what is the purose of a notchplasty during an acl reconstruction?
to make avaible space for graft
203
where is the medullary canal found?
shaft of long bones
204
Synovitis
Inflammation of synovial lining
205
amphiarthrotic
slightly movable
206
joint
articulation
207
what should the extremity be padded with?
webril
208
eversion
turning the foot outward at the ankle joint
209
what should you think of when inserting wire?
hot is will be secured, if it will be passed through bone
210
if a fracture is treated with closed reduction and hardware is inserted under what type of xray?
fluoroscopy
211
what are the differences between standard xray and fluoroscopy?
f: live and immediate
xray: still
212
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? axial skeleton?
126,80
213
metatarsal arthroplasty component
replace metatarsal joint
| rheumatoid joints-plastic not cemented
214
osteoarthritis
when flexible tissue at end of bones wear down
215
curette
scrape out small amounts of bone
216
projection on the surface of the bone above it si the
epicondyl
217
drill bits
drill holes in bones
| makes path for screw to be inserted
218
bone cutter
cut away bone
| amputate fingers
219
the _____ tumor is a malignant tumor primarily affecting young boys
ewings
220
abduction
moving a body part away from the midline of the body
221
total hip femoral component
replace femoral head and neck
222
what bones articulate to form the shoulder joint?
scapula, humerus, glenoid
223
chisel
cut bone
224
what are used when using rods and nails and removing them?
impactors, extractors
225
three joints of the shoulder girdle
glenoidoclavicle, acromicalavior, steroclavicular
226
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic inflammation affecting may joints
227
periosteal elevator
separate periosteum from bone
228
mice
locking or pain in joint due to loose particles
229
avulsion
tissue torn away from normal attachments
230
tendon
connects muscle to bone
231
bone file
smooth bone
| used in totals
232
what type of fracture treatment builds an external frame to support the fracture?
external fixation
233
as susie fell when she was pushed, she fell onto her outstretched hand, fracturing the distal radius, this is called a ____ fracture
colles
234
exsanguination
bloodless field
235
what is the part of the humerus closest to the heart?
proximal, medial
236
plates
bridge to promote bone healing
237
why is continuous irrigation used in arthroscopy?
easier to move
238
staples
staple bone together
| may need several at one time
239
reciprocating saw
back and forth
240
joint of shoulder
ball and socket joint
241
hemopoesis
bones are a site for blood cell formation, found in bone marrow
242
an elevation or protruderence of bone
tuberosity
243
cobra retractor
hold back structures
| hips
244
what are the three reasons why open reduction with external fixation is done?
to avoid cast, allow skin graft, maintain alignment
245
cancellous screw
wider spaced threads
| condylar ends of the shaft, doesn't cross whole bone
246
wire twist
twist wire
247
3 safety precautions taken when using tourniquets
1hr upper, 2 hr lower, make sure padded
248
dupuytrens
abnormal formation cuasing ring and little fingers to bend
249
proximal
nearest, near to point of attachment of origin
250
why is draping the ortho patient more of a challenge than draping an abd procedure?
more to drape around, can contaminate on more items, infection higher
251
4 advantages of arthroscopy
| 1 disadvantage
less invasive, less risk of infection, less recovery time
| D: less maneuverability
252
what do all arthroscopies involve to facilitate opening the joint space for viewing and treatment?
distraction device
253
three categories of fracture treatment
ORIF, closed, external fixation
254
pronate
turn downward
255
bennett retractor
hold back structures, dull
256
depth gauge
measure hold for screw length needed
257
four areas where cancellous grafts can be taken from?
ilium, olecranon, distal radius, iliac crest
258
What does ACL stand for?
Anterior cruciate ligament
259
hohmann retractor
hold back structures for hip surgery
260
end of bones
epiphysis
261
three steps to placing cancellous screws
drill, tap, screw
262
lowman bone clamp
hold bone in place
| self retaining
263
chief diagnostic tool for ortho?
xray
264
impacted fracture
broken ends are jammed together
265
what is the purpose of bones?
provide framework to support soft tissue
266
israel retractor
hold back structures
| dull
267
four places where cortical grafts can be taken form?
tibia, fibula, ribs, iliac crest
268
purpose of traction, types
align body parts, skin manual skeletal
269
self retaining screwdriver
insert or remove screws
270
red bone marrow
produces RBCs, platelets and wBCs
271
phillips screwdriver
insert or remove screws
272
what happens when the epiphyseal plate is fractured on a child?
affects the childs growth
273
external rotation
turn or flex/rotate the toes or arm away from the midline
274
addition of healthy bone to an area to promote bone growth and what is it used for?
bone grafting
| fill cavities, fill defects, promote fracture union
275
medial
nearer to the midline of the body
276
tap
created the threads in the bone
277
elastic, resilient supporting tissue found at the ends of bone?
cartilage
278
what method of immobilization is commonly used after closed reduction?
splint
279
wire cutter/pliers
cut large gauge wire
280
why are splints used in casting?
swelling
281
when closing the periosteum, use ______ suture such as ___ and ___ and for bone use ___ suture such as _____
absorable, vicryl, chromic, nonabsorbable, surgical steel
282
two considerations for the prone position
airway, range of motion
283
gooseneck ronguer
bite off tissue
| back procedures
284
stainless steel
used to secure bone to bone
285
genu valgum
knees close to the midline increasing the space between the ankles
286
example of round bone
kneecap
287
which category of fracture treatment is the treatment of choice when possible?
closed reduction
288
info required regarding implant documentation
number of implants, type, size, serial numbers
289
leksell rongue
bite off tissue
| back procedures
290
what is contained within the medullary canal?
yellow bone marrow
291
diarthrotic
Freely movable most common
292
drill
high concentrated power, making brand new hold
293
what basic ortho instruments would you have available to work on a medium sized bone like the tibia?
ferris smith, kelly, pean, kocher, ronguer, #3 with #10
294
hip prosthesis austin moore
replace fractured femoral head/neck
295
masses of tissue that cover bones and provide movement to the skeletal system
muscles
296
arthroscope and camera
allow to view inside of joint
297
distal
farther fromm the origin of a structure or from a given reference
298
long bones
humerus, femur, tibia, fibula
299
what does the bones serve as a storage site and reservoir for?
minerals
300
femoral impactor
drive component into place on total hip arthroplasty
301
where are lag screws used to stablizie fractures?
greater trochanter of the hip
302
four steps to placing cortical screws
drill, measure, tap, screw
303
basic instruments needed for an arthroscopy
trocar, scope, camera, irrigation, shaver, biter, hook, debrider
304
bone hook
hook and manipulate bone
| total hip arthroplasty
