Cardio Physiology 1 & 2

Question 1

Blood movement through the heart is gated by?

Answer 1

Valves

Question 2

This controls the flow between atria and ventricles

Answer 2

AV valves

Question 3

These control the flow from ventricles out to the circulatory vessels

Answer 3

Aortic and pulmonary valves

Question 4

Which sides of the heart are the aortic and pulmonary valves? (respectively)

Answer 4

Aortic is on the left
Pulmonary is on the right

Question 5

Every ______ is activated during heartbeat. Which is different to skeletal muscle because the amount of muscle cells activated can be controlled.

Answer 5

cardiomyocyte

Question 6

How can we increase the force of cardiac contraction?

Answer 6

By increasing the amount of Ca2+ pumped from SR

More Ca2+ means more crossbridges formed between actin and myosin

More cross-bridges means more contraction

More contraction means more force generated

Question 7

What are the two circulations in the body?

Answer 7

Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation

Question 8

This is characterised by falling blood pressure/relaxation

Answer 8

Diastole

Question 9

This is characterised by increasing blood pressure/contraction

Answer 9

Systole

Question 10

What are the five phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 10

Atrial Systole, Isovolumetric Interventricular Contraction, Ventricular Ejection/Systole, Isovolumetric Interventricular Relaxation, Passive Filling (of the atria)

Question 11

True or false. Systole is longer than diastole.

Answer 11

False. Filling of the chambers take up more time, so diastole takes longer.

Question 12

This is much higher than pulmonary artery pressure.

Answer 12

Systemic arterial pressure.

Question 13

Why is systemic arterial pressure higher than pulmonary artery pressure?

Answer 13

Because more force is needed to pump blood into the systemic circulation (or arteries in the systemic circulation)

Question 14

This is the highest point on a blood pressure trace.

Answer 14

Systolic pressure

Question 15

This is the lowest point on a blood pressure trace.

Answer 15

Diastolic pressure.

Question 16

This is the difference between the highest and lowest points of pressure.

Answer 16

Pulse pressure

Question 17

This is the average pressure across the full cycle - so doesn’t necessarily mean the ‘middle’ of the graph.

Answer 17

Mean pressure

Question 18

This is high blood pressure.

Answer 18

Hypertension

Question 19

This is low blood pressure.

Answer 19

Hypotension

Question 20

What is the order of blood pumping in the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 20

So the atrium will pump blood first and then the ventricles.

Question 21

This is initiated by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and formation of cross bridges.

Answer 21

Cellular contraction

Question 22

This is used to determine the systolic and diastolic pressure in the arteries.

Answer 22

Blood pressure trace

Question 23

These cells are ‘pale’, not really striated appearance and has a low content of actin and myosin

Answer 23

Electrical cells

Question 24

Purkinje cells and AV nodals are what?

Answer 24

Electrical/conduction cells

Question 25

There are striated in appearance and has a high content of myosin and actin.

Answer 25

Contractile cells

Question 26

Action potentials propagate _______ the _______ of electrical and contractile cells.

Answer 26

along; surface membrane

Question 27

These connect most cells of the heart

Answer 27

Intercalated discs

Question 28

These are pores with low resistance to ionic current and allow current flow between adjacent cells

Answer 28

Gap junctions

Question 29

Why is the sinoatrial node known as the pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 29

Because it controls the rate of depolarisation

Question 30

Depolarisation of the nodes leads to...

Answer 30

Contraction

Question 31

This allows rapid communication between left and right atria so that both atria will depolarise at the same time, and so contract at the same time.

Answer 31

Interatrial bundle

Question 32

These are ventricular conducting fibres.

Answer 32

Purkinje fibres

Question 33

Where does the conduction pathway end?

Answer 33

At the ventricular fibres/Purkinje fibres

Question 34

Where does the conduction pathway start?

Answer 34

At the Sinoatrial node

Question 35

When does quiescence end?

Answer 35

When excitation spreads from the SA node.

Question 36

This is a virtual line between two surface electrodes

Answer 36

Lead

Question 37

What does a lead do in an ECG?

Answer 37

It detect a difference/changes in the electrical status of the cell.

Question 38

P wave means what phase?

Answer 38

Atrial depolarisation

Question 39

QRS wave means what phase?

Answer 39

Atrial repolarisation, ventricular depolarisation

Question 40

T wave means what phase?

Answer 40

Ventricular repolarisation

Question 41

Depolarisation and repolarisation are usually recorded by what kind of machine?

Answer 41

An ECG

Question 42

What wave represents depolarisation of ventricles?

Answer 42

QRS Wave

Question 43

What wave represents the repolarisation of ventricles?

Answer 43

T wave

Question 44

What wave represents the depolarisation of the atria?

Answer 44

P wave

Question 45

Pulsatile changes in pressure in the major arteries is linked to?

Answer 45

Ejection of blood (when blood is ejected the arteries then just pump blood under high pressure)

Question 46

These are usually in between electrical and contractile cells to allow rapid spread of electrical signals.

Answer 46

Gap junctions

Question 47

Gap junctions can be in between contractile cells. True or False.

Answer 47

True.

Question 48

The ______ is responsible for distributing the signals to the ventricular fibres (left and right ventricle)

Answer 48

AV bundles

Question 49

Where does the conduction pathway end?

Answer 49

Ventricles/Purkinje fibres

Question 50

Why does the AV node pause the conduction signal?

Answer 50

To allow the atria to repolarise - be fully empty of the blood before contraction in ventricles begins.