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HUBS192 > Cardio Physiology 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Cardio Physiology 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood movement through the heart is gated by?

A

Valves

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2
Q

This controls the flow between atria and ventricles

A

AV valves

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3
Q

These control the flow from ventricles out to the circulatory vessels

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves

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4
Q

Which sides of the heart are the aortic and pulmonary valves? (respectively)

A

Aortic is on the left
Pulmonary is on the right

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5
Q

Every ______ is activated during heartbeat. Which is different to skeletal muscle because the amount of muscle cells activated can be controlled.

A

cardiomyocyte

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6
Q

How can we increase the force of cardiac contraction?

A

By increasing the amount of Ca2+ pumped from SR

More Ca2+ means more crossbridges formed between actin and myosin

More cross-bridges means more contraction

More contraction means more force generated

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7
Q

What are the two circulations in the body?

A

Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation

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8
Q

This is characterised by falling blood pressure/relaxation

A

Diastole

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9
Q

This is characterised by increasing blood pressure/contraction

A

Systole

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10
Q

What are the five phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial Systole, Isovolumetric Interventricular Contraction, Ventricular Ejection/Systole, Isovolumetric Interventricular Relaxation, Passive Filling (of the atria)

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11
Q

True or false. Systole is longer than diastole.

A

False. Filling of the chambers take up more time, so diastole takes longer.

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12
Q

This is much higher than pulmonary artery pressure.

A

Systemic arterial pressure.

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13
Q

Why is systemic arterial pressure higher than pulmonary artery pressure?

A

Because more force is needed to pump blood into the systemic circulation (or arteries in the systemic circulation)

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14
Q

This is the highest point on a blood pressure trace.

A

Systolic pressure

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15
Q

This is the lowest point on a blood pressure trace.

A

Diastolic pressure.

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16
Q

This is the difference between the highest and lowest points of pressure.

A

Pulse pressure

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17
Q

This is the average pressure across the full cycle - so doesn’t necessarily mean the ‘middle’ of the graph.

A

Mean pressure

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18
Q

This is high blood pressure.

A

Hypertension

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19
Q

This is low blood pressure.

A

Hypotension

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20
Q

What is the order of blood pumping in the four chambers of the heart?

A

So the atrium will pump blood first and then the ventricles.

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21
Q

This is initiated by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and formation of cross bridges.

A

Cellular contraction

22
Q

This is used to determine the systolic and diastolic pressure in the arteries.

A

Blood pressure trace

23
Q

These cells are ‘pale’, not really striated appearance and has a low content of actin and myosin

A

Electrical cells

24
Q

Purkinje cells and AV nodals are what?

A

Electrical/conduction cells

25
Q

There are striated in appearance and has a high content of myosin and actin.

A

Contractile cells

26
Q

Action potentials propagate _______ the _______ of electrical and contractile cells.

A

along; surface membrane

27
Q

These connect most cells of the heart

A

Intercalated discs

28
Q

These are pores with low resistance to ionic current and allow current flow between adjacent cells

A

Gap junctions

29
Q

Why is the sinoatrial node known as the pacemaker of the heart?

A

Because it controls the rate of depolarisation

30
Q

Depolarisation of the nodes leads to…

A

Contraction

31
Q

This allows rapid communication between left and right atria so that both atria will depolarise at the same time, and so contract at the same time.

A

Interatrial bundle

32
Q

These are ventricular conducting fibres.

A

Purkinje fibres

33
Q

Where does the conduction pathway end?

A

At the ventricular fibres/Purkinje fibres

34
Q

Where does the conduction pathway start?

A

At the Sinoatrial node

35
Q

When does quiescence end?

A

When excitation spreads from the SA node.

36
Q

This is a virtual line between two surface electrodes

A

Lead

37
Q

What does a lead do in an ECG?

A

It detect a difference/changes in the electrical status of the cell.

38
Q

P wave means what phase?

A

Atrial depolarisation

39
Q

QRS wave means what phase?

A

Atrial repolarisation, ventricular depolarisation

40
Q

T wave means what phase?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

41
Q

Depolarisation and repolarisation are usually recorded by what kind of machine?

A

An ECG

42
Q

What wave represents depolarisation of ventricles?

A

QRS Wave

43
Q

What wave represents the repolarisation of ventricles?

A

T wave

44
Q

What wave represents the depolarisation of the atria?

A

P wave

45
Q

Pulsatile changes in pressure in the major arteries is linked to?

A

Ejection of blood (when blood is ejected the arteries then just pump blood under high pressure)

46
Q

These are usually in between electrical and contractile cells to allow rapid spread of electrical signals.

A

Gap junctions

47
Q

Gap junctions can be in between contractile cells. True or False.

A

True.

48
Q

The ______ is responsible for distributing the signals to the ventricular fibres (left and right ventricle)

A

AV bundles

49
Q

Where does the conduction pathway end?

A

Ventricles/Purkinje fibres

50
Q

Why does the AV node pause the conduction signal?

A

To allow the atria to repolarise - be fully empty of the blood before contraction in ventricles begins.

HUBS192 (29 decks)

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