Reproductive 1 - Male Reproductive System

Question 1

These are organs where gametes are produced. What are these specific organs for male and female?

Answer 1

Gonads

Male: testes
Female: ovary

Question 2

This is a bony basin between the trunk and the lower limbs.

What 3 structures make up this bony basin?

Answer 2

Pelvis

hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

Question 3

What is the difference between the pelvic inlet and outlet?

Answer 3

Inlet => always open (opIN)

Outlet => always enclosed by muscles

Question 4

True or false. The pelvic outlet is bigger than the inlet.

Answer 4

False. Inlet is bigger than outlet

Question 5

This is a superior region that is above the pelvic inlet that contains parts of the GI tract.

Answer 5

False/greater pelvis

Question 6

What are the 2 pelvic subdivisions and what are the differences between these subdivisions?

Answer 6

True pelvis; contains internal reproductive organs + located in inferior region (because your reproductive organs are located inferiorally)

False pelvis; contains parts of GI tract + located in superior region (because GI contents are located superiorally)

Question 7

What’s the main difference between female and male pelvis?

Answer 7

Females have a broader sub public angle, oval inlet and straighter coccyx. => all to support childbirth and development of foetus

Males have a narrower subpubic angle, heart shaped inlet and curved coccyx

Question 8

This closes over the pelvic outlet and contains openings of the urethra, anal canal and vagina (in females)

Answer 8

Pelvic floor

Question 9

This is a region inferior to the pelvic floor between upper region of the thighs. This includes external genitalia and anus.

Answer 9

Male perineum

Question 10

What are the 2 triangular divisions of the male perineum?

Answer 10

Urogenital triangle (anterior): contains external genitalia and urethral opening

Anal triangle (posterior): contains anal canal and fat capsules surrounding it

Question 11

Internal reproductive organs are found in the cavity enclosed by what pelvis?

Answer 11

Lesser/true pelvis

Question 12

The external genitalia is found in what triangular division of the male perineum?

Answer 12

Urogenital triangle

Question 13

Openings in the female pelvic floor include what?

Answer 13

Openings of the urethra, vagina and anal canal

Question 14

What are the 3 glands/structures in the male reproductive system that produces seminal fluid?

Answer 14

Prostate gland, seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland

Question 15

What are the main structures in the male reproductive tract? (5)

Answer 15

Testes, epididymis, ductus deferents, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Question 16

This is the site of spermatogenesis and the production of hormones like testosterone and inhibin.

Answer 16

Testes

Question 17

This is the dense fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes.

Answer 17

Tunica albuginea

Question 18

The testes have lobules which contains these structures. This is where spermatogenesis specifically occurs.

Answer 18

Seminiferous tubes

Question 19

These cells are responsible for producing testosterone in the seminiferous tubules.

Answer 19

Interstitial endocrine cells/Leydig cells

Question 20

These cells are responsible for producing inhibin.

Answer 20

Nurse cells

Question 21

These are cells which contain the spermatogonia and spermatozoa at different stages of development.

Answer 21

Spermatogenic cells

Question 22

What are the 3 regions of the epididymis?

Answer 22

Head, body and tail

Question 23

This is the site of sperm maturation.

Answer 23

Epididymis

Question 24

This dilates to form the ampulla and is where sperm can be stored.

Answer 24

Ductus deferens

Question 25

True or false. The ductus deferens runs from the posterior to the urinary bladder.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

These are formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and ampulla. It opens in the prostatic urethra.

Answer 26

Ejaculatory duct

Question 27

The main functions of this structure are urination and ejaculation.

Answer 27

Urethra

Question 28

This closes the bladder to ensure sperm is ejaculated through the urethra.

Answer 28

Internal urinary sphincter

Question 29

What kind of muscle is the internal urinary sphincter made of?

Answer 29

Detrusor muscle

Question 30

This occurs when the internal urinary sphincter doesn’t close, therefore the sperm ends up in the bladder as a result.

Answer 30

Retrograde ejaculation

Question 31

The male urethra is divided into three regions:

Answer 31

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and penile/spongy urethra

Question 32

The scrotum contains what 3 main structures?

Answer 32

2 testes, 2 epididymis, and 2 spermatic cords

Question 33

What are the 3 main ways the testes carry out thermal regulation? How do they do this function?

Answer 33

Dartos muscle, cremaster muscle and venous plexus Dartos muscle => wrinkles the skin Cremaster muscle => contracts for heat conservation - brings testes closer to the body Venous plexus => thermal exchange between arteries and veins

Question 34

The scrotum houses testes away from the body to maintain temperature at how many degrees celsius?

Answer 34

34

Question 35

Why are the testes external to the body?

Answer 35

To prevent overheating of the testes

Question 36

These run between the abdomen and testes. These contain ductus deferens, blood vessels (testicular arteries and veins), nerves and lymphatics.

Answer 36

Spermatic cords

Question 37

The penis has two main functions:

Answer 37

Urination and copulation

Question 38

What are the 3 main regions of the penis?

Answer 38

Root (bulb => top initial segment of penis) Body of penis (rest of the penis) Glans penis => contains external urethral orifice and is covered by foreskin (last segment of the penis - like the tip)

Question 39

This is the main erectile tissue of the dorsal aspect of the penis. (dorsal => superior)

Answer 39

Corpora cavernosa

Question 40

This is the tissue that contains the urethra and forms the bulb and glans. It is located on the ventral aspect of the penis. (ventral => superior)

Answer 40

Corpus spongiosum (kinda remember spongiosum => it’s the penile/spongy bit of the urethra - but it’s not the main erectile tissue)

Question 41

These are responsible for producing the majority of seminal fluid. It is located posterior to the bladder and lateral to the ampulla.

Answer 41

Seminal vesicles

Question 42

What is the main function of the secretions from the seminal vesicle?

Answer 42

To produce seminal fluid with alkaline pH => acts to protect sperm against acidic environment in urethra + vagina

Question 43

This produces about 30% of the semen. It is located inferior to the bladder and wraps around prostatic urethra (which is the first region of the urethra)

Answer 43

Prostate gland

Question 44

What is the function of the prostate gland (in terms of secretion function)?

Answer 44

It contributes to sperm activation and viability and motility.

Question 45

What do secretions from the prostate gland specifically have that helps it to survive in the female reproductive system and other functions?

Answer 45

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Question 46

These are two glands located in the urogenital diaphragm. These glands open into the spongy/penile urethra. Its secretions lubricate and neutralise acidity in the urethra prior to ejaculation.

Answer 46

Bulbourethral glands

Question 47

This is known as the surgical method of sterilisation in males; it is characterised by cutting of the ductus deferens.

Answer 47

Vasectomy

Question 48

This is the process by which spermatogonia are transformed into mature spermatozoa. Where does this process occur?

Answer 48

Spermatogenesis; in the seminiferous tubules (testes)

Question 49

This is the spermatogonia which stays in the basement membrane to ensure that the cells (spermatogonia) can divide continuously.

Answer 49

Type A spermatogonia

Question 50

This is the spermatogonia which goes on to differentiate not a spermatocyte.

Answer 50

Type B spermatogonia

Question 51

How many spermatids are produced as a result of meiosis? How many chromosomes do they have?

Answer 51

4 spermatids each with a haploid number of chromosomes.

Question 52

This is the specific process of when spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa with a head, body and tail.

Answer 52

Spermiogenesis

Question 53

What are the 3 main reproductive hormones? (1 is released by the hypothalamus and 2 are released by the anterior pituitary)

Answer 53

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (luteinizing hormone)

Question 54

This is a hormone responsible for male characteristics such as the maturation of sex organs, spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics and libido.

Answer 54

Testosterone

Question 55

What hormone stimulates the production of testosterone in Leydig cells?

Answer 55

Luteinizing hormone (from anterior pituitary)

Question 56

What hormone stimulates release of inhibin from nurse cells?

Answer 56

FSH (remember: FISH - FSH for Inhibin)