Gastrointestinal Anatomy: Stomach and Pancreas

Question 1

Food enters through the?

Answer 1

Oral cavity (mouth, throat)

Question 2

This is the general serous membrane that lines the stomach.

Answer 2

Peritoneum

Question 3

This is the peritoneum that lines the body wall.

Answer 3

Parietal peritoneum

Question 4

This is the peritoneum that lines the organs.

Answer 4

Visceral peritoneum

Question 5

This is the layer located posterior to the peritoneum.

Answer 5

Retroperitoneal layer

Question 6

This is double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organ to the body wall.

Answer 6

Mesentery

Question 7

This is a double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ.

Answer 7

Omenta

Question 8

This is an organ located at the base of the esophagus.

Answer 8

Stomach

Question 9

This is the area where the esophagus passes through diaphragm.

Answer 9

Esophageal hiatus

Question 10

This is a structure in the stomach that prevents reflux. This ensures the stomach contents don’t go back up the esophagus.

Answer 10

Lower esophageal sphincter

Question 11

What are the 4 main parts of the gross structures of the stomach?

Answer 11

Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

Question 12

This is responsible for connecting stomach to liver.

Answer 12

Lesser omentum

Question 13

This is responsible for connecting the stomach to transverse colon.

Answer 13

Greater omentum

Question 14

What is the muscularis layer modified for in the stomach?

Answer 14

For motility (because the stomach needs to be able to move food around the digest it)

Question 15

These are temporary folds that allow for the expansion of the stomach.

Answer 15

Rugae

Question 16

What is rugae made of?

Answer 16

Submucosa

Question 17

What is the 2 main function of the rugae?

Answer 17

• help expansion of stomach
• important for storage (the folds uncrinkle when they’re filled, and crinkle when they’re empty)

Question 18

What kind of epithelia makes the mucosa of the stomach?

Answer 18

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 19

The infolding of simple columnar epithelium increases surface area by doing what?

Answer 19

Infolding produces gastric glands

Question 20

What are the 3 cells of the gastric glands?

Answer 20

Parietal cells, G cells, chief cells

Question 21

These cells of the gastric gland secrete acid and intrinsic factor

Answer 21

Parietal cells

Question 22

These cells secrete hormones (gastrin)

Answer 22

G cells

Question 23

These are cells that release pepsinogen

Answer 23

Chief cells

Question 24

What cells dominated the gastric pits?

Answer 24

Mucous epithelial cells/goblet cells

Question 25

True or false. The chief cells have an abundant endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Which cells of the stomach have an abundant mitochondria and a folded structure to increase surface area?

Answer 26

Parietal cells

Question 27

True or false. Parietal cells have canaliculli between microvilli that serve as channels that pump out H+ ions.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What regulates stomach function?

Answer 28

Endocrine control = endocrine cells Neural control = enteric nervous system (local reflex) + CNS (long reflexes)

Question 29

This modulates the ENS function to provide long neural reflexes.

Answer 29

CNS = central nervous system

Question 30

This system is important for regulating local reflexes.

Answer 30

Enteric nervous system

Question 31

What two hormones are released by endocrine cells in mucosa for endocrine control?

Answer 31

Gastrin and Ghrelin

Question 32

True or false. Parietal cells have large amounts of zymogen granules.

Answer 32

False. The chief cells have large amounts of zymogen granules (containing pepsinogen)

Question 33

Enzymes and bicarbonate are produced by what organ?

Answer 33

Pancreas

Question 34

Mucous in the small intestine is provided by what structures/glands?

Answer 34

Glands in submucosa and duodenum

Question 35

This is a retroperitoneal organ that is posterior to the stomach. It has a duct that points into the duodenal lumen.

Answer 35

Pancreas

Question 36

This organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

Answer 36

Pancreas

Question 37

What is the endocrine and exocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 37

Endocrine: releases hormones like insulin and glucagon. Exocrine: secretes digestive enzymes (acinar cells) and bicarbonate (duct cells)

Question 38

This is where the bile duct meets pancreatic duct.

Answer 38

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 39

This is a structure in the pancreas that projects into the duodenal lumen.

Answer 39

Duodenal papilla

Question 40

The release of secretions from the pancreas is controlled by?

Answer 40

Hepatopancreatic sphincter