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cardio1 Flashcards

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1
Q

flat facies, protruding tongue, small ears

A

down syndrome

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2
Q

inferioer epigastric is 1 of 2 branches of

A

external iliac artery

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3
Q

atria and ventricles depolarize independently of each other

narrow QRS complexes (since ventricular depolariziin is normal)

A

AV nodal pacemaker

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4
Q

what lies posterior to thoracic aorta and LA

A

descending thoracic aorta

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5
Q

common cause of secondary MR

A

decompensated HF: causes dilation of mitral valve annulus; restiricted movement of chordae tendiance causing insufficiencet closure of intrinsically normal mitral valve; resuliting in MR

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6
Q

derived from common cardinal veins (give rise to constituents of systemic venous circulation)

A

SVC

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7
Q

all veins in developing embryo drain into

A

sinus venosus

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8
Q

aging heart

A

decrease in LV chamber size

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9
Q

AR due to aortic root dilation heard best at

A

right upper sternal border

murmur of AR due to valuvlar path: best heard at left third ICS

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10
Q

septic emboli from vavlulaer eegetaions to palsm and soles

A

janeway elesions

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11
Q

crowded glomeruli, tubulointerstiial atrophy and fibrosis and focal inflammatory infiltrates

A

renal artery stenosis

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12
Q

unlikely to survive with severe coarctation

A

true

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13
Q

incomplete fusion of atrial septum primum and secudnum

A

pfo

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14
Q

aplasia of septum primum or septum secudnum

A

ASD

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15
Q

failure of aorticopulmonary septum to develop

A

truncus arteriosus

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16
Q

AV nodal artery most often arises from dominant coronary arery

A

left dominant then it would be LCX

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17
Q

traumatic aortic rupture: sudden decelration in MVC ; most common site is

A

aortic isthmus

tethered by ligamentum arteriosum; relatively fixed and immobe

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18
Q

widespreaad venous and arteriolar dilatiaton along w increased capillary permeability

A

decrease venous return

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19
Q

pda murmur maximal intestinay at

A

S2

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20
Q

ductus arterious derives from which aortic arch

A

6th

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21
Q

decreaesd metabolism and fucntion to match reduction in coronary blood flow

A

myocardial hiberatnion
leads to decreased contraiclty;
reversible w resvascularizaiotn

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22
Q

dicrotic pulse seen in

one during systole and the other during diastole

A

severe systolic dysfunction and high systemic arterial pressure

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23
Q

slow rising low amplitude pulse

A

pulsus parvus et tardus

(diminished SV) : pulsus parvus
prolonged LV ejection time (puslus tardus)

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24
Q

MR: venous pulse curve

A

promiment V wave

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25
relieved by nitro
unstable angina stable angina prinzmetal angina
26
linear developemnt of aorticopulmonary septum
transposiiont of great arteries
27
failed fusion of superior and inferior endocardial cushions results in defects in
atriovental septum and valves (mitttral and tricuspid valves)
28
homogenous acellular thickening of arteriolar walls
hyaline arteriosclerosis
29
smalll pulse amplitdue w delayed peak and slower upstroke of arterial pulse
pulsus parvus pulsus tardus deu to diminshed stroke volume and prolonged ejection time
30
MVP vs Rheumatic heart disease
MVP is seen in developed nations: predisposing conditiosn for native valve infective endocaridts
31
seen in developing nations (mvp or rhueamitc heart diseaes)
rheumatic heart disease
32
brachiocephalic vein drains the
ipsilateral jugular and subclavian veins
33
bilateral brachiocephalic veins combine to form
SVC
34
brachiocephalic (innominate vein) vs SVC obstruction
same symtpoms; but brachiocepahil is unilateral (one side of face) SVC : bilateral
35
subclavian is continuation of axillary vein. both drain blood from
upper extremity
36
right external jugular vein drains into
rt subclavin vein | so obsturciton of right brachiocephailc vein will also cause congestion of structures drained by external jugular vein
37
NOTCH1 gene mutation
familial bicuspid aortic valve disease: associated w mutation affecting NOTCH1 gene
38
forced pulsations in intracranial arteires w each herat beat
head bobbing
39
abrupt distension and collapse of carotid arteries (corrigan sign ) and peripheral arteries
water hammer pulse (peripheral)
40
deviation of infundibular septum
TOF
41
ACE is located
in small lung (pulm vessels ) | thus angio2 is higher in pulm vein compaired to pulm artery
42
angiotensioning eproduced in
liver
43
varicose veins are superifical or deep venous system
superiical; thus does not increase risk for pulm embolism or phelegmasia alba dolens
44
massive iliofemoral thrombosis cause actue rise in tissue pressure that impairs arterial inflow, leading to
phlegmasia alba dolens (painful white milk leg)
45
complicataiosns of varicose veins
``` chronici edema, stasis dermatitis skin ulceratison poor wound healing infection ```
46
what causes varicose veins
increased intraluminal pressure or loss of vessel wall tesnile strength lead to venous dilation and failure of venous valves.
47
epicardial vessels
large confaorny arteris of heart | dilation of arterioles regulates CBF; not arteries
48
why does nulliparity increases risk of ovarian cancer
repeated ovulation or even ovarin inferitlity inflict minor trauma to ovarian surfaceb thus OCP is a protecetive factor: lesss repair at ovarian surface due to reduced lifeteime ovulation frequency
49
protective factors for ovarian cancer
breast feeding, ocp's tubal. ligation; multiparity
50
ovarian tumor that appears yellow due to lipid content in theca cells
granulosa cell tumor
51
cuboidal cells in microfollicular patttern around pink eosinophlic center; which ovarian tumor
granulosa cell tumor
52
granulosa cell tumor seen in
post menopausal women
53
bilobed nuclei and inclusion like nucleoli
reed sternberg
54
nests of epithelial cells with abundant clear cytoplasm
RCC
55
external urethral sphincter vs internal urethral sphincter
external: skeletal muscle at distal end of urethra innervated yb pudendal nerve; volunteary constriciton of this matinisn continence internal: smooth muscle at proximal junction of bladder and uretrha. SNS controls sphincter to constrict
56
increased fetal urintation caused by
high cardiac output due to anemia or twin twin tanrsufiosn polyhydramnios
57
antiepileptic therpay substantial risk factor for
NTD
58
PCOS: excess androgen from (increased activyt of 17 a hydroxylase and 3bhsd): prevents
prevents developmetn of monthly dominant follicle; resulting in anovulatory cycles menstraul irregulariy: decereased progesterone secretion progestorone: inhibitor to estrogen driven proliferation long term risk for endometiral hyperplasia and carcinoma
59
anterolateral papillary umscle has dual blood supply
LAD LCX posteromedial papillary doesnto: comes from DPA
60
location right atrium near septal leaflet of tricuspid valve and orifice of coronary sinus
AV node
61
compression of IVC by gravid uterus in pregmant women
true reduces venous return seen in supine hypotension
62
supine hypotension vs orthostatic hypotension
orthostatic: upon standing can be affected by vasovaga l syncope: withdrawla of symp efferent actiivty; expansion of plasma volume inpregnancy as well as increase in rbc masss
63
neprilysin inhibitor increases effect of
endogenous natriuretic peptide
64
SLE and advanced malgianncy
nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis sysetmic embolization can occur
65
why is orthopnea caused
actue exacerbation of baseline pulmonary edema that occurs when central venous, pulmonary venous and cardiac filling pressures are increased by redistrubtion of blood that had been pooled in dependent veins back into central circulation
66
constant substernal crushing pain
MI pain
67
pleuriitc sharp
periciaridits chest pain | exacerbated by swallowing or ocuhgin
68
murmurs in infective endocarditis
mitral and aortic regurgi
69
function of prostacyclin
inhibit platelet aggregation; oppsoes thromboxane A2
70
converts kininogen into bradykinin
kallikrein | role in triggering fibrinolytic pathwya
71
amorphous and accelular pink material
amyloidosis
72
myofibirllay necrosis and inflammatory mononuclear infiltrate
acute myocarditis
73
anteiror surface of heart formed by
RA superiorly | RV inferiorly
74
repetitive activitigy involving upper costal cartialge at costochrondal or costosternal junctoisn pain reproduced w palpation and worsened w movement in hcanges of posistion
costochrondritis or costosternal sydnroem
75
ventricular repsone in AF is depednetn on transmission of abnormal atrial impulses through
AV node each time av node is excited; it enters refractory period druing which additional atrial impusles cannot be transmitted to ventricles
76
bundle branch block causes
widening of QRS
77
cardiacy hypertorphy w patchy interstiial fibrosis
HOCM
78
endocardial thickening and noncompliant ventricular wall
restrictive cardiomhyopathy
79
what affects phase 4 of AP; reudicng rate of sponatenous depolarizino in cardiac pacemeaker
adenosine and acetylcholline activate potassium channels and increase potassium conducatance causing membrane potential to remain negative for longerp eriod; adenosnien also hinibits L type ca channels prolonging depolariziation time
80
what affects phase 4 of AP; reudicng rate of sponatenous depolarizino in cardiac pacemeaker
adenosine and acetylcholline activate potassium channels and increase potassium conducatance causing membrane potential to remain negative for longerp eriod; adenosnien also hinibits L type ca channels prolonging depolariziation time
81
thigh claudication + gluteal claudication & and imptoence
Leriche syndrome
82
most common site of thrombus formation
left atrial appendage
83
where do standford a aortic didsseciton orginiation
sinotubular junction
84
function of titin
elastic protein that anchors the beta myosin heavy chains to z discs and contribute to passive myocardial tesnion
85
infireor surface of heart formedy by
left ventricle and right ventricle supplied by PDA (RCA)
86
distal lda spares
V1 and V2
87
in thrombus at bifurcation of main pulm artery | there is no history of exretion related dyspena and chest discomfort
tru
88
one main common finding in PAH
progressive dyspnea
89
where do stanford b aortic dissection originate
left subclavian artery
90
where do standford a aortic didsseciton orginiation
sinotubular junction
91
IVC is formed by union of
right and left common iliac veins
92
drains lymph from entire left side of body and regions inferior to umbilicus
thoracic duct

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