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From Flashcardlet > Cardiovascular: A&P > Flashcards

Cardiovascular: A&P Flashcards

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0
Q

Endocardium

A

Lines interior heart chambers and valves

Endothelial tissue

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1
Q

Base Of The Heart

A

2nd intercostal space
L atrium
Part of R atrium
Proximal portion of great vessels

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2
Q

Epicardium

A

Serous layer of pericardium

Contains epicardial coronary arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics

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3
Q

Myocardium

A

Thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells

Bulk of heart wall

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4
Q

Pericardium

A

Surrounds outside heart and great vessels

Double-walled CT sac

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5
Q

Cardiac Circulation

A

Venous blood enters sup/inf vena cava
Blood fills RA
RA contracts, blood passes through tricuspid valve
Tricuspid valve closes
RV contracts, blood passes through pulmonary valve
Blood passes through pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries to lungs
Blood grabs O2, drops CO2 in pulmonary capillaries
Oxygenated blood passes through pulmonary veins to LA
LA contracts, blood passes through mitral valve
Mitral valve closes
LV contracts, blood passes through aortic valve
Blood enters coronary and systemic circulation

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6
Q

Sinus Node Artery

A

From Right Coronary Artery
Supplies:
Right atrium

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7
Q

Right Marginal Artery

A

From Right Coronary Artery
Supplies:
Right ventricle

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8
Q

Posterior Descending Artery

A

From Right Coronary Artery
Supplies:
Inferior walls of both ventricles
Inferior portion of interventricular septum

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9
Q

Circumflex Artery

A

From Left Coronary Artery
Supplies:
Let atrium
Posterior and lateral walls of left ventricle
Anterior and inferior walls of left ventricle

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10
Q

Left Anterior Descending Artery

A

From Left Coronary Artery
Supplies:
Anterior portion of interventricular septum

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11
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Ascending aorta

  1. Right coronary artery
    • Sinus node artery
    • Right marginal artery
    • Posterior descending artery
  2. Left Coronary Artery
    • Circumflex artery
    • Left anterior descending artery
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12
Q

Coronary Veins

A

Coronary sinus, cardiac veins, thebesian veins
Great, middle, and small cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus then empty into RA
Thebesian veins arise in myocardium, drain into all chambers but primarily RA and RV

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13
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A

Each cardiac myocyte has intrinsic ability to depolarize and propagate electrical impulses cell to cell without nerve stimulation
SA node = normal pacemaker
Bachmann bundle = conduct cardiac impulse LA to RA
AV node, bundle of His, interventricular septum, R and L bundle branches, Perkinje fibers into both ventricle walls

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14
Q

Cardiac Innervation

A

Vagus and sympathetic cardiac nerves converge to form cardiac plexus at the base of the heart
Sympathetic: Epi and Norepi. Stimulate chambers to beat faster with greater contraction
Parasympathetic: Ach via vagus nerve. Slow heart through Sa node influence.

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15
Q

Chronotropic Effect

A

Increases or decreases heart rate

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16
Q

Inotropic Effect

A

Increases or decreases force of contraction

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17
Q

Baroceptor Reflex

A

Baroreceptors: Mechanoreceptors detecting pressure change
Baroreflex: reflexes maintaining BP, include arterial baroreceptors (high pressure) and cardiopulmonary receptors (low pressure)
Sympathetic: Increase contractility, HR, venoconstriction, arterial vasoconstriction = increased BP via increased TPR and CO
Parasympathetic: Decrease HR, small contractility decrease = decreased BP

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18
Q

Bainbridge Reflex

A

Increased VR stretches receptors in RA wall
Vagal afferent signal to CV center in medulla
Signal (-) parasympathetic activity, increasing HR

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19
Q

Chemoreceptor Reflex

A

Respond to pH and blood O2 tension changes
Arterial pO2 < 50mmHg or acidosis = stimulates respiratory centers to increase ventilation depth and rate
Parasympathetic reduces HR and myocardial contractility
If persistent hypoxia, CNS stimulated, increasing sympathetic activity

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20
Q

Valsalva Maneuver

A

Increased intrathoracic pressure, increased central venous pressure, decreased VR = decreased CO and BP
Baroreceptors reflexively increase HR and contractility through sympathetic stimulation
Glottis opens, VR and BP increase = HR and contractility increase
Baroreceptors reflexively decrease HR and contractility through parasympathetic efferent pathways

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21
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

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22
Q

Diastole

A

Period between contractions when repolarizing

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23
Q

Preload

A

Tension in ventricular wall at end of diastole

Reflects venous filling pressure that fills left ventricle during diastole

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24
Afterload
Forces impeding flow of blood out of the heart | Primarily peripheral vascular pressure, aorta compliance, and mass and viscosity of blood
25
SV
Volume of blood ejected by left ventricle | 60-80ml
26
CO
Blood pumped by ventricle per minute SV x HR 4.5-5.0L/min, women slightly less Can increase up to 25L/min during exercise
27
Hypovolemia
``` Decreased blood volume (plasma) Potential causes: Bleeding Dehydration (vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, severe burns, diuretics) Signs/symptoms: Orthostatic hypotension Tachycardia Elevated body temperature ```
28
Hypervolemia
``` Increased blood volume (plasma) Potential causes: Excess fluid intake (IV, blood transfusion) Sodium or fluid retention (heart failure, kidney disease) Signs/symptoms: LE swelling Ascites Fluid in lungs ```
29
Plasma
Liquid component of blood in which blood cells and platelets are suspended Water, electrolytes, proteins Over half of total blood volume Regulates blood pressure and temperature
30
Red Blood Cells
40% of blood volume Contain Hgb which binds to O2 Anemia: Low RBCs, blood carries less O2, fatigue and weakness Polycythemia: High RBCs, risk of CVA or MI
31
Platelets
Thrombocytes assist in blood clotting Thrombocytopenia: Low platelets, bruising and abnormal bleeding Thrombocythemia: High platelets, thrombosis - risk of CVA or MI
32
White Blood Cells
Leukocytes protect against infection Leukopenia: Low WBCs, risk of infection Leukocytosis: High WBCs, suggests infection or leukemia possibly present
33
Neutrophils
Type of WBC | Ingest bacteria and debris to protect from infection
34
Lymphocytes
Type of WBC T Lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cells: Protect from viral infections, kill some CA cells B Lymphocytes: Develop into antibody-producing cells
35
Monocytes
Type of WBC | Ingest dead/damaged cells and defends against infectious organisms
36
Eosinophils
Type of WBC | Kill parasites, CA cells, and involved in allergic responses
37
Basophils
Type of WBC | Participate in allergic responses
38
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal cavity Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) Larynx Gas conduits, humidify/cool/warm air, filter foreign matter (hairs and mucous membranes)
39
Lower Respiratory Tract
From larynx to alveoli Divides 23 times Trachea: larynx to carina (base of neck to 4th thoracic vertebra/sternal angle) Rings of cartilage anterior, smooth muscle, fibrous and elastic tissue, and mucous glands posterior
40
General Bronchopulmonary Tract
``` Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Left and right main bronchi Two and three lobar bronchi Eight and ten segmental bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles ```
41
Right Bronchopulmonary Tract
``` Right main bronchus: 1. Superior lobar bronchus Apical segmental bronchus Anterior segmental bronchus Posterior segmental bronchus 2. Middle lobar bronchus Medial segmental bronchus Lateral segmental bronchus 3. Inferior lobar bronchus Superior segmental bronchus Medial basal segmental bronchus Anterior basal segmental bronchus Lateral basal segmental bronchus Posterior basal segmental bronchus ```
42
Left Bronchopulmonary Tract
``` Left main bronchus: 1. Superior lobar bronchus A. Superior Division Anterior segmental bronchus Apicoposterior segmental bronchus B. Inferior/Lingular Division Superior segmental bronchus Inferior segmental bronchus 3. Inferior lobar bronchus Superior segmental bronchus Lateral basal segmental bronchus Posterior basal segmental bronchus Anteromedial basal segmental bronchus ```
43
Plurae
Membranous serous sac Visceral Plura: Cover lung surface Parietal Plura: Cover inner surface of chest wall, ribs, vertebrae, diaphragm, and mediastinum Both Plura remain in contact separated only by serous fluid If pleural space contains air, blood, pus, or increased serous fluid, lungs are compressed causing respiratory distress Pneumothorax: Pleural space contains air Hemothorax: Pleural space contains blood
44
Anatomical Dead Space Volume (VD)
Volume of air in non-respiratory conducting airways
45
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Max air exhaled after TV exhalation | 15% of TLV
46
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
Max air exhaled in specific period of time | Typically 1st, 2nd, and 3rd second of FVC
47
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Max air exhaled after max inspiration
48
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Volume of air in lungs after TV exhalation FRC = ERV + RV 40% of TLV
49
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Max air inspired after TV exhalation IC = TV + IRV 60% of TLV
50
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Max air inspired after TV inspiration | 50% of TLV
51
Minute Volume Ventilation (VE)
Air expires in one minute | VE = TV x RR
52
Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
Max air flow at beginning of forced expiration
53
Residual Volume (RV)
Air in lungs after Mac exhalation | 25% of TLV
54
Tidal Volume (TV)
Air inspired and exhaled with each breath during quiet breathing 10% of TLV
55
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Air in lungs after max inspiration Sum of all lung volumes TLC = RV + VC TLC = FRC + IC
56
Vital Capacity (VC)
Volume change from max inspiration to max expiration VC = TV + IRV + ERV 75% of TLV
57
Apnea
Absence of spontaneous breathing
58
Biot's
Irregular breathing Breaths vary in depth and rate with periods of apnea Associated with ICP or medulla damage
59
Bradypnea
Slow RR < 12 breaths/min Associated with neurological or electrolyte disturbance, infection, or high cardiorespiratory fitness
60
Cheyne-Stokes (Periodic)
Decreasing rate and depth with periods of apnea | Can be caused by CNS damage
61
Eupnea
Normal rate and depth
62
Hyperpnea
Increased rate and depth
63
Hypopnea
Decreased rate and depth
64
Kussmaul's
Deep and fast breathing | Associated with metabolic acidosis
65
Paradoxical
Chest wall moves in with inhalation, out wih exhalation | Associated with chest trauma or diaphragm paralysis
66
Tachypnea
> 20 breaths/min

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