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Z Old Anatomy > Cardiovascular Part II: Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Part II: Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two circuits of the cardiovascular system? And what does each do?

A

Pulmonary Circuit - transports blood between lungs and heart

Systemic Circuit - transports blood between the body tissues and the heart

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2
Q

What are the receiving chambers of the heart? And where does each receive blood from?

A

Atria

  • right receives oxygen-poor blood from body
  • left receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs
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3
Q

What are the pumping chambers of the heart? And where does each send blood to?

A

Ventricles

  • right sends oxygen-poor blood to lungs via pulmonary trunk
  • left sends oxygen-rich blood to body via aorta
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4
Q

What are the functions of the heart?

A
  • ensure unidirectional blood flow
  • pump blood to lungs and body
  • develops blood pressure for nutrient and waste exchange
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5
Q

Describe the position and orientation of the heart.

A
  • it is the largest organ in the mediastinum
  • medial to the lungs
  • obliquely positioned
  • posterior to sternum
  • rests on superior surface of diaphragm
  • apex (anteroinferior left) in 5th intercostal space
  • base is a broad posterior surface
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6
Q

6

A

Parietal Pericardium

  • the layer of serous pericardium that lines the walls of the pericardial cavity
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7
Q

7

A

visceral pericardium

  • the layer of serous pericardium that lines the outside of the heart
  • AKA epicardium (when asked for “layer,” not “covering”)
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8
Q

the layer of tissue indicated by the arrow in the magnified portion of the image

A

fibrous pericardium

  • strong outer layer of dense connective tissue surrounding the serous pericardium
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9
Q

the heart covering formed from both layers #6 and #7

A

serous pericardium

  • “fist in a balloon” type covering
  • interior of “balloon” = pericardial cavity with pericardial fluid
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10
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall from outermost to innermost?

A
  • Epicardium - visceral pericardium
  • Myocardium - middle layer of cardiac muscle
  • Endocardium - inner endothelium on layer of CT
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11
Q

How is myocardial muscle oriented and what does this achieve?

A
  • it is a spirally-arranged network of cardiac muscles bound by connective tissue
  • it produces a wringing, squeezing motion
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12
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart? Which receive and which discharge blood?

A

Receiving Chambers:

  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium

Discharging Chambers:

  • right ventricle
  • left ventricle
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13
Q
A

Right Atrium

  • receives oxygen-poor blood from systemic circuit (inf. and sup. vena cava)
  • contains fossa ovalis
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14
Q

Chamber numbered 3

A

Left atrium

  • makes up posterior surface of heart
  • receives blood from lungs via pulmonary veins
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15
Q

chamber marked with pen

A

right ventricle

  • receives oxygen-poor blood from right atrium via right AV valve and pumps it to pulmonary trunk via pulmonary SL valve
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16
Q
A

Left Ventricle

  • externally forms apex of heart
  • receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium via the left AV valve and pumps it via the aortic SL valve to the aorta
  • has a thicker wall than the right ventricle because it must pump blood further, through the entire systemic circuit
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17
Q

7

A

epicardium

  • known as visceral pericardium when refering to heart coverings
  • most superficial layer of the heart
  • lubricates heart
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18
Q

6

A

myocardium

  • middle layer of cardiac muscle in heart wall
  • thickest layer of heart
  • arranged spirally to contract in a wringing motion
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19
Q

5

A

endocardium

  • deepest layer of heart
  • lines inner surface
  • made up of endothelial & connective tissues
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20
Q

Incoming Vessels of the Heart

A

Right Atrium (oxygen-poor)

- superior vena cava

- inferior vena cava

- coronary sinus

Left Atrium (oxygen-rich)

  • pulmonary veins (4 total, 2 L & 2 R)
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21
Q

Outgoing Vessels of the Heart

A

Right Ventricle —-> Pulmonary Trunk

Left Ventricle ——> Aorta

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22
Q
A

fossa ovalis

  • oval depression in interatrial septum
  • vestige of the fetal foramen ovale, a bypass of the pulmonary circuit
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23
Q

green area

A

interventricular septum

  • wall between the two ventricles
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24
Q

indicated by green line

A

Apex

  • inferior conical end of heart formed by exterior of inferior left ventricle
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25
the posterior face of the heart
**Base** - broad posterosuperior surface of heart - primarily formed by left atrium
26
area circled in green
**right auricle** - wrinkled, flaplike extension of right atrium
27
#6
**left auricle** - wrinkled extension of left atria
28
What are the two different kinds of valves in the heart and what are their functions?
**atrioventricular valves** - between atria and ventricles - _bicuspid_ on left, _tricuspid_ on right **semilunar valves** - between ventricles and arteries (one _pulmonary_, one _aortic_) - 3 pocket-like ("half-moon") cusps - both serve to allow only _unidirectional flow_ of blood
29
#5
**Mitral Valve** (AKA **bicuspid valve**) - left atrioventricular valve
30
#2
**Tricuspid Valve** - right atrioventricular valve
31
#1
**pulmonary semilunar valve** - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
32
#9
**aortic semilunar valve** - between left ventricle and aorta
33
What are the cusps of cardiac valves made of?
- they are flaps of endocardium over a core of dense CT
34
white fibers shown here:
**Chordae Tendineae** - thin strands of collagen fibers connecting cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles - prevents the valves from everting into the atria
35
#7
**papillary muscles** - cone-shaped muscular projections from the walls of the ventricles which anchor chordae tedineae
36
#10
**Aorta** - largest artery in the body - accepts blood from left ventricle
37
#9
**Pulmonary Trunk** - anterior to aorta - divides into left and right pulmonary arteries - accepts blood from right ventricle
38
#2 and #6
**Pulmonary Veins** - enter left atrium from lungs - two sets of two, left and right
39
#4
**superior vena cava** - large posterosuperior vein - returns blood from head, neck and upper extremities - enters right atrium of heart
40
#1
**inferior vena cava** - returns blood from abdomen and lower extremities - enters right atrium
41
Cardiac Muscle
- forms middle layer of heart called _myocardium_ - _striated_ - contracts via _sliding filament mechanism_, similar to skeletal muscle - _involuntary_ - contracts to pump blood through heart and into vessels
42
Cardiac Muscle Cell Characteristics
- **short** (unlike skeletal muscle) - **branching** - 1-2 **central nuclei** - **not fused** colonies
43
**intercalated disks** - complex junctions between cardiac muscle cells - interlocking of adjacent _sarcolemmas_ (muscle cell membranes) - have cell junctions: _adhering_ and _gap junctions_
44
What is a cardiac muscle "fiber"?
Multiple short cardiac muscle cells lined up and connected by intercalated discs (unlike skeletal muscle fibers which are a single, long muscle cell)
45
What separates different cardiac muscle fibers?
**endomysium** - connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves - binds adjacent cardiac fibers, but seperates their cells
46
How do most cardiac muscle cells receive contraction signals?
- most are _NOT innervated_ - they receive signals through _gap junctions of intercalated disks_
47
What are the specialized cells that conduct electrical impulses through the heart?
**Conduction System Cells** - specialized cardiac muscle cells - cause chambers to contract in the proper sequence
48
Autorhythmicity
- a property of cardiac muscle cells - rhythmic activity without being driven by rhythmic external stimulation
49
area from which signals are spreading here:
- **sinoatrial node -** - specialized cardiomyocytes - in the superior wall of right atrium - sets inherent rate of contraction - impulses spread to the atria
50
#2
**atrioventricular node** - in inferior wall of interatrial septum - electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers
51
#7
**Atrioventricular Bundle** (AKA **Bundle of His**) - collection of heart muscle cells specialized to conduct impulses from the AV node to the bundle branches and Perkinje fibers which stimulate ventricular contraction
52
#6
- **left and right _bundle branches_** - branches of the AV bundle which conduct impulses to the left and right ventricles
53
rounder, emptier cells in center of image
**Purkinje fibers** - specialized conductive fibers in ventricular walls - larger size makes for easier ion flow & signal conduction - bigger, emptier-looking cells among normal cardiac muscle cells
54
Cardiac Innervation (which nerves?)
- rate altered by external controls Nerves to Heart: * **Vagus nerve** (parasympathetic branch) * **Sympathetic fibers** (from cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia) * **Visceral sensory fibers**
55
red vessel indicated by arrow
**left coronary artery** - splits into: * **anterior interventricular artery** * **circumflex artery** * **posterior interventricular artery**
56
general term for all vessels shown here in red
coronary arteries - vessels which supply blood to the myocardium - arise _from the aorta_
57
part B
**coronary sinus** - largest coronary vein - where blood re-enters right atrium from coronary circulation
58
**anterior interventricular artery**
59
**circumflex artery**
60
#9
**posterior interventricular artery**
61
#8
**right coronary artery** - leads to right marginal artery at bottom of right ventricle
62
#8
**marginal artery** - branches off of right coronary artery
63
blue vessel here:
**great cardiac vein** - vein that runs along anterior surface of heart between ventricles (along with anterior interventricular artery)
64
**middle cardiac vein**
**middle cardiac vein** - runs along posterior heart between ventricles - paired with posterior interventricular artery
65
part G
**internodal pathway** - carries signals from the sinoatrial to atrioventricular nodes of the cardiac conduction system
66

Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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