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Z Old Anatomy > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

(111 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Sensory Receptors

A
  • peripheral (distal) endings of sensory neurons
  • specific for certain types of stimuli (ex: photoreceptors for light)
  • depolarize neurons to produce action potential
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3
Q

Modality-based Receptor Classification

A
  1. Chemo-
  2. Thermo-
  3. Mechano-
  4. Photo-
  5. Noci-
  6. Baroreceptors
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4
Q

Stimulus Origin-based Receptor Classification

A
  1. interoreceptors - detect internal stimuli
  2. proprioceptors - body position/movement
  3. exteroceptors - detect external stimuli
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5
Q

Distribution-based Receptor Classification

A

General Senses - widely distributed

Special Senses - limited to head

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6
Q

General Senses

A
  • temperature
  • pain
  • touch pressure
  • vibration
  • proprioception
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7
Q

Special Senses

A
  • smell
  • taste
  • vision
  • equilibrium
  • hearing
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8
Q

What makes a sense “special”?

A
  • localized (confined to head)
  • special receptor cells
  • housed in complex sensory organs or epithelial structures
  • cranial nerves carry special sensory info to brain
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9
Q

Chemical Senses

A
  • Chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals binding to them
  • Taste - gustation
  • Smell - olfaction
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10
Q
A

Taste Bud

  • 50-100 epithelial cells in a bundle containing long microvilli that receive chemicals from food that create flavors
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11
Q

surface elevations of tongue

A

Tongue Papillae

  • contain taste buds
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12
Q

light blue lateral cells

A

supporting cell of taste bud

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13
Q

central purple cells

A

gustatory cell

  • taste receptor cells
  • have long microvilli known as gustatory hairs that extend through taste pores
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14
Q

Gustatory Pathway

A
  1. taste info travels primarily via Facial (VII) and Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves (some via Vagus (X))
  2. primary sensory neurons synapse in solitary nucleus of medulla
  3. secondary neurons synapse in thalamus
  4. tertiary neurons synapse in gustatory cortex of cerebrum
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15
Q

olfactory epithelium

A
  • specialized nasal cavity epithelium containing olfactory receptor cells
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16
Q

purple structure

A

olfactory neuron

  • specialized chemoreceptive cell in olfactory epithelium
  • bipolar, basal side has axon, apical side has cilia
  • axons gather into bundles that make up olfactory nerve, pass through ethmoid (olfactory foramina of cribriform plate), attach to olfactory bulbs of forebrain
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17
Q

pink structure

A

supporting cells

  • columnar cells that support olfactory neurons
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18
Q

small green inferior structure

A

Basal Cell

  • form new olfactory neurons
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19
Q

orange structure towards bottom

A

basal cell

  • replace gustatory cells
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20
Q

large yellow structure

A

olfactory bulb

  • structure on inferor side of frontal lobes that sits above cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and connects with olfactory nerve filaments
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21
Q

Olfaction Pathway

A
  1. Olfactory Bulb
  2. Olfactory Tract
  3. then to 3 areas of brain:
  • Limbic Region (associate smell w/ emotion)
  • Piriform Lobe of Cortex (conscious perception)
  • Thalamus and Orbitofrontal Cortex (analysis and comparison of smell)
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22
Q
A

olfactory tract

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23
Q

not the muscle, but the structure it moves

A

Palpebrae

  • AKA eyelids
  • one upper, one lower per eye
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24
Q
A

Medial and Lateral Canthi (singular: canthus)

  • AKA medial/lateral angles
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25
**levator palpebrae superioris** - muscle that opens eyelid
26
thin layer on anterior whites of eyes and inside eyelids
**conjunctiva** - straitified squamous epithelium that produces lubricating mucus - in eyelids, called **Palpebral conjunctiva**
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number 1
**Lacrimal gland** - produces tears - contains **lysozyme**, a bactericidal enzyme
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**lacrimal puncta** - tiny openings for lacrimal fluid to drain into
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number 5
**lacrimal caruncle** - small, pink, globular nodule at the inner corner of eye - contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands - source of "eye boogers"
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6
**superior oblique muscle** - depresses eye, turns it laterally
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8
**inferior oblique muscles** - elevates eye, turns it laterally
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#2
**superior rectus muscle** - elevates eye, turns it medially
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#3
**inferior rectus muscle** - depresses eye, turns it medially
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#4
**medial rectus muscle** - moves eye medially
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#5
**lateral rectus muscle** - moves eye laterally
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Lacrimal Apparatus
system for keeping eye's surface moist - three parts: * lacrimal gland * lacrimal sac * lacrimal fluid
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**lacrimal sac** area just medial to eye where lacrimal fluid gathers and empties into nasal cavity
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lacrimal fluid
- made up of mucus, antibodies and lysozyme
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#7
**Trochlea** - point where superior oblique muscle is anchored above eye
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Three Tunics of the Eye
**Fibrous** - sclera and cornea **Vascular** - choroid, ciliary body, iris **Sensory** - retina
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Fibrous Tunic
- most external layer - two regions: 1. **Sclera** 2. **Cornea**
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Vascular Tunic
3 parts: 1. **Choroid** 2. **Ciliary Body** 3. **Iris**
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Sensory Tunic
- AKA Retina two layers: 1. **pigmented layer** 2. **neural layer**
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#1
**Sclera** - poster 5/6s of fibrous tunic - white, opaque - gives eye shape, anchors eye muscles
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#8
**Cornea** ## Footnote - anterior 1/6 of fibrous tunic - transparent, coveres iris and pupil - avascular, innervated
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#5
**scleral venous sinus** AKA Schlemm's Canal - large blood vessel near junction of sclera and cornea - drains aqueous humor
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part of eye furthest forward
anterior pole
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part of eye furthest back
posterior pole
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#28
**Choroid** ## Footnote - vascular, darkly pigmented membrane of vascular tunic - prevents light from scattering within eye - middle layer between sclera and retina
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structure composed of #3 and #12
**ciliary body** - thickened ring of smooth muscle tissue encircling lens - made of ciliary muscles and processes
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#3
**ciliary muscle** muscles of ciliary body that alter lens shape
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#12 (folds covering ciliary muscle)
**Ciliary Processes** - folds of epithelium - secrete aqueous humor
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#4
**suspensory ligaments** AKA ciliary zonule - extend from ciliary body to lens, allowing ciliary muscle to move lens
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#7
Iris - contractile smooth muscle structure: * **Circular** _sphincter_ muscle * **Radial** _dilator_ muscle - colored part of eye - attached to ciliary body - regulates amount of light entering eye
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#8
**pupil** - opening in iris through which light enters - controlled by iris
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#30
**retina** - layer lining back of interior of eye - contains photoreceptors - contains two layers: * **pigmented layer -** melanocytes * **neural layer -** rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
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jagged portion here where choroid meets ciliary body
**ora serrata** - posterior margin of ciliary body, where neural layer meets front of eye
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#25
**macula lutea** - yellowish region of retina - small pit at center of posterior pole - area of maximum visual acuity
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#26
**fovea centralis** - the center of the macula - contains only cone cells - region of highest visual acuity
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#18
**optic disc** AKA blind spot - lacks neurons - where optic nerve exits eye
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#10 and #11
**Lens** - transparent body behind iris and pupil, in front of vitreous humor - focuses light onto retina - made up of lens fibers produced by lens epithelium
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basic component of the lens
**lens fiber** - cells without organelles, only cytoplasm - made by lens epithelium, continuously added
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lens epithelium
- cuboidal cells covering anterior of lens - create lens fibers
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internal chambers and fluids of eye
1. **Anterior Segment** - two chambers, aqueous humor 2. **Posterior Segment -** vitreous humor - divided by suspensory ligaments and lens
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anterior segment
- two chambers: * **Anterior Chamber** - btwn cornea and iris * **Posterior Chamber** - btwn iris and lens - filled with **aqueous humor**: * renewed continuously * formed as blood filtrate * nourishes lens and cornea
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posterior segment
- inside of eye behind the lens - filled with **vitreous humor**: * clear, jelly-like * transmists light * supports posterior of lens * maintains intraocular pressure
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#22
**optic nerve** ## Footnote - cranial nerve II - carries signals from eye to optic chiasm
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#1
**pigmented layer of retina** - layer of melanocytes between retinal neurons and choroid
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#2-9
**Neural Layer of Retina** - contains 3 types of cells: * photoreceptors * bipolar cells * ganglion cells
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entire structure
**rod cell** - more sensitive to light - allows vision in dim light
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entire structure
**cone cell** - operate best in bright light - allows high-acuity color vision
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structure shown in red
**bipolar cells** - bipolar neurons which transmit signals from photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells
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leftmost, darker structures
**Ganglion Cells** - outermost neurons of retina whose axons exit at optic nerve to carry visual stimuli to brain
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three main regions of ear
**outer ear** - hearing **middle ear** - hearing **inner ear** - hearing and equilibrium
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- specialized apocrine sweat glands that secrete earwax
ceruminous glands
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visible outer ear
**Pinna** - AKA auricle - collects sound, directs it to outer ear canal
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indicated by black line
**external auditory canal (or acoustic meatus)** - tube through which sound travels to eardrum
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**tympanic membrane** AKA eardrum - vibrates when soundwave hits it - separates outer and middle ear
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external ear
made up of: **pinna** **external auditory canal** **tympanic membrane**
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**malleus** - AKA hammer - passes vibrations from eardrum to anvil
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**Incus** - passes vibrations from malleus to stapes
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**stapes** - AKA stirrups - tiny U-shaped bone that passes vibrations from anvil to cochlea - smallest bone in body
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Ossicles
- 3 small bones that transmit sound from tympanic membrane to oval window - in order from external to internal: * **malleus** * **incus** * **stapes**
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reddened area
**auditory tube** AKA Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube - connects middle ear to back of nose - equalizes pressure between midle ear and outside air
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**round window** - located below where stapes meets oval window - moves outward as sound moves oval window inward to allow for movement of fluid within cochlea
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middle hole in structure
**oval window** - membrane between middle ear and vestibule of cochlea - stapes fits into and vibrates it, transmitting sound into cochlea
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bony labyrinth
- cavity in petrous region of temporal bone three parts: * **semicircular canals** * **vestibule** * **cochlea**
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#14
**Vestibule** - detects acceleration and deceleration of head via **macula** - central part of bony labyrinth - contains **utricle and saccule**, egg-shaped parts of membranous labyrinth
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#1, #7, and #8
semicircular canals - contain three loops of fluid-filled tubes attached to cochlea via vestibule - detect rotational head movement via **crista ampullaris**
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Portion of structure at right containing 5, 6, 12 and 13
**cochlea** - contains spiral-shaped, fluid-filled inner ear structure - detects vibration of sound waves and creates nerve impules
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membranous labyrinth
- series of membranous sacs and ducts that fit within the bony labyrinth - 3 main parts: * **Semicircular Ducts** * **Utricle** and **Saccule** (within vestibule) * **Cochlear Duct**
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_membranous_ labyrinth structures
**semicircular ducts** - detect rotational movement of head
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#9, 3 and 2
Ampulla - expanded region of each semicircular duct which contains the sensory structure that detects rotational movement of the head
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whole structure
**crista ampullaris** - strcture within ampulla that contains receptor hair cells to detect rotational movement of head
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top part marked A
**cupula** - jelly-like, pointed structure on top of crista ampullaris into which hairs of receptor cells project
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part of vestibule just at base of semicircular ducts
**utricle** - part of membranous labyrinth within bony vestibule - contains sensory epithelium to detect gravity and linear acceleration
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#4
**saccule** - part of membranous labyrinth within bony vestibule - contains sensory epithelium to detect gravity and acceleration
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whole structure
**Macula** - within utricle and saccule - contains receptor cells (**hair cells**) with cilia (many **stereo-**, one **kino-**) - monitor the position of the head when still (static equilibrium) and moving linearly - cilia of cells stick into **otolithic membrane**
99
this is a cross section of which portion of the membranous labyrinth?
**cochlear duct** - AKA **scala media** - contains receptors for hearing
100
Which nerve innervates the inner ear and what are its two branches?
**Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)** **- vestibular branch** **- cochlear branch** - seen below in yellow
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blue area
**scala vestibuli** - superior chamber of bony labyrinth of cochlea
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black arrow
**vestibular membrane** - roof of cochlear duct between it and scala vestibuli
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#3
**scala tympani** - inferior chamber of bony labyrinth of cochlea
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complex structure within central chamber
**Spiral Organ** or **Organ of Corti** - at floor of scala media - contains hearing receptors in thick sensory epithelium
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the light blue part underlying the complex structure
**basilar membrane** - sheet fibers which support the organ of Corti - pressure waves in the fluid of the inner ear cause this membrane to bounce, disrupting the sensory cells above it
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whole brown structure
**hair cell** - cells of organ of corti with many apical **stereocilia** which detect sound via vibrations
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#6
**tectorial membrane** - gelatinous structure over hair cells in the organ of corti - keeps hair cells in place via their embedded cilia which bend when vibrated, causing them to release neurotransmitters
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- fluid within chambers 2 and 3
**Perilymph** - fluid in the bony labyrinth which surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth - continuous with CSF in subarachnoid space
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fluid within cavity 1
**endolymph** - clear fluid in membranous labyrinth - pictured here in cochlear duct, but is also in utricle, saccule and semicircular ducts
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Auditoy Pathway of Organ of Corti
1. **Cochlear Nerve** axons go to... 2. **Medulla oblongata**... 3. **Inferior Conniculus** (of midbrain)... 4. **Thalamus**... 5. **Temporal lobe** of cerebral cortex (primary auditory cortex)
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Z Old Anatomy (21 decks)

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