Reproductive System Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
What are the two groups of sex organs and what does each contain?
A
Primary Sex Organs - produce gametes (ovaries, testes)
Secondary/Accessory Sex Organs - nourish gametes and transport them (glands, external genitalia)
3
Q
What are the primary and secondary sex organs of the male?
A
Primary - Testes (produce sperm & testosterone)
Secondary -
- scrotum,
- epididymis,
- ducts deferens,
- ejaculatory duct,
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicle
- urethra
- penis
4
Q
17
A
Testes
- oval shaped gland that produces sperm and testosterone
- contain about 1,000 coiled seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production)
5
Q
18
A
Scrotum
- dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle that encloses the testis, epididymis and spermatic cord
6
Q
3
A
Penis
- copulatory organ that surrounds urethra
- contains three masses of erectile tissue
7
Q
What is the round structure shown here?
What is their function and what are their cells?
A
Seminiferous Tubule
- convoluted tubules which are sites of sperm production and maturation within testes
- Spermatogenic Cells - sperm-forming cells
- Sustentacular (Sertoli) Cells - support cells
8
Q
Indicated by blue arrows:
A
Spermatogonia
- AKA spermatogenic cells
- stem cells within seminiferous tubules
9
Q
Green arrow:
What is it?
What is its function?
A
Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells
- support cells which surround and nourish spermatogenic cells
- extend from basal lamina of tuble to lumen
- produce secretions
10
Q
part A
- what is its function?
- where are they?
A
Leydig (interstitial) Cells
- secretes testosterone into surrounding interstitial fluid
- surround seminiferous tubules
11
Q
What is the process of sperm cell production called? And what are its two stages?
A
Spermatogenesis
Stage 1: _Meiosis _
Stage 2: Spermiogenesis - spermatids differentiate into mature sperm
12
Q
What are the stages of spermatogenesis from spermatogonium to spermatozoa?
A
- Spermatogonium
- Primary Spermatocyte (single diploid cell)
- Meiosis I
- Secondary Spermatocyte (two haploids)
- Meisosis II
- Early Spermatid (four haploid cells)
- Late spermatid (now have flagella)
- Spermatozoa
13
Q
What is the order of the reproductive duct system in males from seminiferous tubule to urethra?
A
- Seminiferous tubule
- Rete testes
- Efferent Ductule
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Spermatic cord
- Urethra
14
Q
What do A, B and C make up?
What are its regions (A, B and C) ?
Its function?
A
Epididymis
- coiled duct posterior to each testis
- connects tubules of testis to ductus deferens
- site of sperm maturation and storage
Regions:
- Head - efferent ductules empty here (A)
- Body - middle portion just posterior to testis (B)
- Tail - end inferior to testis, just before ductus deferens (C)
15
Q
A
Vas (Ductus) Deferens
- duct that carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
- has thick muscularis layer in its wall
16
Q
Starred structure:
What is its covering and what does it contain?
A
Spermatic Cord
- tube of fibrous CT that contains testicular blood vessels, nerves and vas deferens
- runs from inside scrotum, out via the inguinal canal
17
Q
What is this passage?
A
inguinal canal
- passage in anterior abdominal wall through which spermatic cord passes
18
Q
A
Prostatic Urethra
- part of urethra extending through prostate gland
19
Q
A
Membranous Urethra
- part of urethra that travels through urogenital diaphragm
20
Q
9
A
Spongy Urethra
- AKA penile urethra
- part of urethra that passes through penis
21
Q
Indicated by red arrow:
A
External Urethral Orifice
22
Q
What are the three accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
A
- Seminal Vesicles (paired)
- Prostate Gland (single)
- Bulbourethral Gland (paired)
23
Q
11
A
Seminal Vesicles
- pair of glands that produce ~60% of volume of semen
- secretes fluid containing fructose (to nourish sperm) into ampulla of vas deferens
24
Q
A
ejaculatory duct
- duct where seminal vesicle meets vas deferens
- conducts sperm and seminal fluid into urethra
25
**Prostate Gland**
- round gland surrounding prostatic urethra
- 20-30 tubuloalveolar glands in dense CT and smooth muscle
- secretes ~1/3 of seminal fluid
- site where ejaculatory duct meets urethra
26
size? location? function?
**Bulbourethral** (or **Cowper's**) **Glands**
- pair of pea-sized mucus glands at base of penis, inferior to prostate, right at the level of the urogenital diaphragm
- produce mucus that cleanses the urethra of urine and lubricates it just prior to ejaculation
27
What is this covering?
**tunica albuginea**
- thick white fibrous capsule covering testis
28
What do #2 and #3 make up?
**tunica vaginalis**
- serous covering of the testis
29
What are the three main parts of the penis?
**Root** - where it attaches to the body
**Shaft** - the body of the penis
**Glans penis** - the enlarged tip of the shaft
30
**Prepuce**
- foreskin of the penis
31
#3
**corpus cavernosa**
- two paired cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue
- dorsolaterally located on the penis
32
#2
**corpus spongiosum**
- single cylindrical body of erectile tissue surrounding urethra
- fills with blood during erection
33
#1
**Urethra**
34
What are the two groupings of sex organs in the female reproductive system (and their respective organs)?
**Primary Organs** - Ovaries
**Secondary/Accessory Organs** -
* mons pubis
* labia minora/majora
* clitoris
* vagina
* cervix
* uterus
* fallopian tubes
* fimbria
* mammary glands
35
Functions of the Female Reproductive System
- produce gametes
- prepares to support developing embryo
- undergoes changes during menstrual cycle
36
Paired whitish glands here:
- function?
- how are they held in place?
- what is their functional unit?
**Ovary**
- produce eggs and secrete estrogen and progesterone
- held in place by ligaments and mesenteries
- composed of **Ovarian Follicles** in which oocytes mature
37
What's this entire structure?
**Ovarian Follicle**
- _oocytes_ surrounded by _follicular cells_
38
What are the stages of maturation of an ovarian follicle?
1. **Primordial Follicle**
2. **Primary Follicle**
3. **Secondary Follicle**
4. **Graafian Follicle**
39
red arrow:
**Primordial Follicle**
- least mature follicles
- indentified by its single layer of flattened follicular cells surrounding the oocyte
40
**Primary Follicle**
- second stage of follicular maturation
- larger oocyte surrounded by _one ore more layers of cuboidal follicular cells_
- secretes estrogen to stimulate change in uterine lining
41
**Secondary Follicle**
- many layers of follicular cells around a much larger oocyte
- fluid-filled space called _antrum_ now present
42
**Graafian Follicle**
- AKA **vesicular** or **mature follicle**
- secondary oocyte, numerous layers of follicular cells and large crescent-shaped antrum (larger than antrum in secondary follicle
43
**Oocyte**
- egg cells
44
visible layer just inside folliculuar cells
**zona pellucida**
- translucent glycoprotein coat around oocyte which sperm must penetrate in order to fertilize the egg
45
Blue arrow
**Corona Radiata**
- innermost layer of follicular cells surrounding oocyte
- external to zona pellucida
46
Ovulation
- How does it happen?
- How often?
- About every 28 days a follicle ruptures at the surface of the ovary and the fimbriae usher it into the fallopian tube
47
#1 and #2
**Corpus Luteum**
- "yellow body" part of follicle which remains in ovary after ovulation
- secretes estrogen and progesterone to stimulate buildup of uterine lining and prepare for possible oocyte fertilization
- in slides, much larger than follicles and have no visible oocytes
- degenerates into **Corpus Albicans** ("white body")
48
What does the black line indicate?
What process occurs here?
**Fallopian Tube**
- AKA **oviduct** or **uterine tube**
- ducts that receive oocyte from _fimbriae_ and conduct it towards the uterus
- attached to uterus, but not ovaries
- fertilization occurs within the fallopian tube
49
#2
**Fimbriae**
- finger-like projections on oviducts that extend into pelvic cavity
- contain cilia that beat toward the entrance of the oviduct, conducting eggs from ovaries into the duct
50
#8
**infundibulum**
- funnel-shaped lateral margin of fallopian tube
51
#1
function?
**uterus**
- hollow organ between bladder and rectum
- receives, retains and nourishes fertilized egg
- implantation, placenta formation and fetal development occur here
52
**Cervix**
- most inferior part of uterus
- muscular ring which projects into vagina
53
#11
**Fundus**
- superior dome-shaped region of uterus where oviducts enter
54
**body of uterus**
- main portion of uterus inferior to fundus
- tapers downward toward cervix
55
Yellow highlighted portion:
**isthmus**
- slightly narrow region between body of uterus and cervix
56
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
1. **Perimetrium -** outer visceral peritoneum
2. **Myometrium** - middle layer; bundles of smooth muscle
3. **Endometrium** - mucosal lining shed during menstruation
57
**Perimetrium**
- outer visceral peritoneum
58
**Myometrium**
- thick layer of smooth muscle in uterine wall
- contracts during labor to expel the fetus
59
**Endometrium**
- innermost uterine layer
- mucus mebrane where embryo implants after arriving from uterine tube
- simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria
- sheds during menstruation if no pregnancy occurs
60
Green highlighted area:
**Vagina**
- 4 to 6 inch tube between uterus and external genitalia that accepts the penis during sexual intercourse
- serves as passageway during childbirth
- has muscularis layer in its wall
61
**Fornix**
- superior space in vagina formed by cervix' protrusion into vagina
62
Folds indicated by pencil and lines:
**Rugae**
- folds of mucosa
63
**Vaginal Orifice**
- external opening of the vagina
64
**Mons Pubis**
- mound of skin and subcutaneous CT anterior to pubic symphysis
- covered with pubic hair in postpubescent females
65
**Labia Majora**
- pair of external folds of fatty tissue lateral to labia minora
- covered with hair and sebaceous glands
- enclose the openings of the urethra and vagina, merging behind the vagina
66
**Labia Minora**
- smaller hairless folds within labia majora
- enclose vestibule
- unite anteriorly to form clitoris
67
**Clitoris**
- small mass of erectile tissue at anterior meeting of the labia minora
- corresponds to the male penis
68
#7
**Prepuce**
- fold of labia minora that covers clitoris
69
What is the space between the labia minora called?
**Vestibule**
- contains the vaginal orifice and urethral opening
70
**Urethral Opening**
AKA **external urethral orifice**
71
- Highlighted green area
**Urethra**
- muscular tube that carries urine from bladder to exterior
72
What is this diamond-shaped area?
**Perineum**
- bounded by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities and coccyx
73
#1
**Urogenital Diaphragm**
- double layer of pelvic fascia with included muscle between ischial and pubic rami
- traversed by vagina, gives passage to membranous urethra and encloses urethral sphincter
74
What are the milk-producing glands called?
They are specialized versions of what kind of glands?
**mammary glands**
- specialized sweat glands
- 15-20 lobes, _lactiferous duct_ of each opens at nipple
- present in both sexes, functional in lactating females only
75
What is this entire layer?
How is it distinguishable from other layers in slides?
(not just the arrow)
**Endometrium**
- innermost layer of uterus
- borders the endometrial cavity
- simple columnar epithelium and underlying lamina propria with _simple tubular uterine glands_ (indicated by red arrow; these help distinguish it in slides)
76
What is the dark purple layer arcing above the smaller layer riddled with tubules?
**myometrium**
- thick muscular middle layer of uterus
- three intertwining layers of smooth muscle
77
#3
**Perimetrium**
- outermost uterine layer; visceral peritoneum
- loose CT with lymphatic vessels
