The Brain Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
entire colored portion of image
A
Cerebrum
functions: conscious thought, intellectual function, memory, complex involuntary motor patterns
3
Q
Posterior pink portion
A
Occipital Lobe
- interpretation of visual stimuli
4
Q
Anterior blue portion
A
Frontal Lobe
- higher intelligence, verbal communication, voluntary motor control
5
Q
Middle yellow portion
A
Parietal Lobe
- sensory interpretation, understanding speech, formulating words
6
Q
inferior green portion
A
Temporal Lobe
- interpret auditory and olfactory sensations; understand speech
7
Q
name of the entire structure in red
A
diencephalon
contains the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland
8
Q
purple posteroinferior part
A
cerebellum
- 2 lobes connected medially
- complex, skilled movement; maintenance of equilibrium; regulates posture/balance
9
Q
area in red
A
Brainstem
3 parts:
- midbrain (mesencephalon)
- pons
- medulla oblongata
10
Q
A
Midbrain
AKA mesencephalon
- between the pons and diencephalon
- process visual and audio info, involuntary somatic motor response
11
Q
A
Pons
- between midrain and medulla oblongata
- connects cerebellum to brain stem
- somatic and visceral motor control; breath control
12
Q
A
medulla oblongata
- continuous with superior spinal cord
- relays sense info from spinal cord and brain stem to cerebral cortex
- heart/respiratory rate; vomitting; hiccupping; swallowing; coughing; sneezing
13
Q
right and left sides of cerebrum
A
Cerebral Hemispheres
14
Q
deep midsagittal groove between hemispheres
A
longitudinal fissure
15
Q
aqua-colored groove between cerebrum and cerebellum
A
transverse fissure of cerebrum
16
Q
yellow line between temporal and parietal/frontal lobes
A
lateral sulcus
17
Q
blue line
A
central sulcus
- separates frontal and parietal lobes
18
Q
groove between parietal and occipital lobes
A
parieto-occipital sulcus
19
Q
A
precentral gyrus
- just anterior to central sulcus
- primary motor area
20
Q
A
postcentral gyrus
- primary somatosensory area
21
Q
red spot marked with japanese characters
A
Insula
- deep to lateral sulcus
- interpretation of taste; memory
22
Q
outermost layer indicated by green
A
cerebral cortex
- outer sheet of grey matter
- gyri/sulci act to triple its surface area
- 6 layers of neurons within cortex
- Brodmann areas - 52 areas performing different motor/sensory functions
23
Q
A
corpus callosum
- bundle of axons linking left and right hemispheres
24
Q
- light grey area indicated by pointer
A
septum pellucidum
- just inferior to corpus callosum
- separates lateral ventricles
- white and grey matter
- pleasure, mood, rage, etc.
25
entire structure
**fornix**
- thin c-shaped bundle of axons that connects hippocampus to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
26
part A
**anterior commissure**
- bundle of white matter axons connecting the hemispheres anterior to the fornix
27
part B
**posterior commissure**
- white matter fibers connecting hemispheres between pineal gland and superior colliculi
28
Small pinecone-shaped gland in posterior roof of diencephalon
**Pineal gland**
- secretes melatonin; controls biological clock; mood; onset of puberty
29
gland marked by #2
**pituitary gland**
- sits in sella turcica of sphenoid
30
paired, irregular masses of gray matter deep in central cerebral white matter
basal region of cerebral hemispheres
basal (or cerebral) nuclei (or ganglia)
3 main nuclei:
- **Caudate nuclei**
- **Lentiform Nucleus**, made up of:
* **Globus pallidus -** w/ putamen
* **Putamen -** lateral to thalamus
31
Caudate Nucleus
- part of basal nuclei on either side of lateral ventricles
32
flesh-colored egg-shaped foreground structure connected to multiple strands of tissue superiorly
Putamen
- lateral part of **Lentiform Nucleus**
- lateral to the thalamus
33
small, green background structure which lies on the medial sides of the basal nuclei
Globus Pallidus
- medial portion of **Lentiform Nucleus**
34
round, egg-shaped portion of the basal nuclei shown here
Lentiform Nucleus
- made up of Putamen (lateral) and Globus pallidus (medial)
35
group of axons passing to/from cortex between cerebral nuclei
internal capsule
36
thalamus
- large oval structure in diencephalon on either side of third ventricle
- main relay center for sensory input
- two pieces connected by _interthalamic adhesion_
37
another name for central part here called "massa intermedia"
interthalamic adhesion
- gray matter connecting left and right thalamic masses
38
"floor" of diencephalon, controls and integrates autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
hypothalamus
- regulates emotions, behavior, circadian rhythm
- controls body temperature, eating/drinking
- produces hormones
39
thin stalk attaching hypothalamus to pituitary gland
infundibulum
40
small, paired orange structures
mamillary bodies
- paired hypothalamic nuclei that process olfactory sensations
41
corpora quadrigemina
- four lobes on posterior midbrain
- vision and hearing
- broken into superior and inferior colliculi
42
superior colliculi
- top 2 lobes of corpora quadrigemina
- visual tracking of moving objects and reflexes of eye/head in response to visual stimuli
43
inferior colliculi
- reflexive turning of head and eyes in response to sound
44
- upper part of red area
- stalks that anchor cerebrum to brain stem
cerebral peduncles
- descending axon bundles carry voluntary motor signals through here
- anterolateral surfaces of midbrain
45
bulge in brainstem directly anterior to cerebellum
Pons
- ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
- connected to cerebellum via peduncles
46
transverse fibers connecting pons to cerebellum
cerebellar peduncles
47
ridge-like structures on ventral side of medulla oblongata
pyramids
48
prominent oval structures on either side of medulla oblongata
olives
49
the two halves of the cerebellum
the right and left cerebellar hemispheres
50
vermis
- narrow cortex along cerebellar midline
- termination of pathway for subconcious proprioception
51
- outer surface of pink structure
cerebellar cortex
- made up of gray matter
- folds called **folia** (not sulci/gyri)
52
branching within split structure
arbor vitae
- white matter within cerebellum
53
lateral ventricles
- c-shaped ventricles in cerebral hemispheres
54
#2
(this is object represents negative space within the brain)
interventricular foramen
- opening between lateral ventricles
55
#3
(again, this object represents negative space)
**third ventricle**
- located between cerebral hemispheres
- contains the **interthalamic adhesion**
56
#4
cerebral aqueduct (AKA mesencephalic aqueduct)
- slender canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles
57
#5
fourth ventricle
- between pons and cerebellum
- is continuous with central canal of spinal cord
58
Not the ventricle, but the central hole in its roof which drains CSF
median aperature
59
Not the ventricle, but the paired holes that drain CSF from the sides of its roof
lateral aperatures
- drain CSF into subarachnoid space
60
not the ventricle, but the lining within it that creates CSF
Choroid Plexus
- layer of ependymal cells and capillaries within invaginations of pia mater
- creates and circulates (via cilia) the CSF
- rich in capillaries
- located in roof of III and IV ventricles
61
4 Protectors of the Brain
- skull
- meninges
- cerebrospinal fluid
- blood-brain barrier
62
Meninges
- connective tissue layers that cover and protect the CNS, protecting the vessels that supply them and containing cerebrospinal fluid
- 3 layers: **Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater**
63
toughest, outer layer of meninges
Dura Mater
- dense irregular CT
- 2 layers: **periosteal** (superficial) and **meningeal** (deep)
64
middle meningeal layer
Arachnoid mater
- in contact with dura mater
- sits above hollow **sub-arachnoid space** which contains CSF
- **arachnoid villi** protrude into dural sinuses
65
central blue triangular space
dural sinus
- space between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater which contain blood and arachnoid villi
66
branchings of sub-arachnoid space into the central blue area
arachnoid villi
- bring CSF back to venous blood of dural sinuses
67
part I
layer of dura mater in longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
- attaches anteriorly to crista galli of ethmoid bone
68
ventral structure marked TC
tentorium cerebelli
- layer of dura mater separating cerebellum and inferior occipital lobes
69
smaller, inferiorly-oriented structure below darker green transverse plane structures
falx cerebelli
- dura mater extension in between the lobes of the cerebellum
70
left area highlighted by teal line
subarachnoid space
- between arachnoid and pia mater meninges
- contains CSF and arachnoid trabeculae
71
thin purple branches within teal highlighted area on left
arachnoid trabeculae
- delicate strands of CT that loosely connect A. mater and P. mater
72
light blue layer just superficial to cerebral cortex
Pia mater
- loose CT
- contains blood vessels
- adheres closely to brain & SC, going deep into sulci
73
fluid which fills these blue spaces (as well as surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
cerebrospinal fluid
- created by the **choroid plexuses** which are lined by ciliated **ependymal cells** that produce and circulate the fluid
74
Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid
- **Buoyancy**: reduces brain weight
- **Nourishes** brain and SC
- **Removes** wastes
- **Carries chemical signals** throughout CNS
75
Spinal cord meninges
- Same three layers as around brain, but some differences
**Dura mater**: no periosteal layer
**Arachnoid mater**: same as around brain
**Pia mater**: adheres directly to SC
76
Production and Resorption of CSF
1. **CSF produced** by ependymal cells of choroid plexus in ventricles
2. **Flows** through cerebral aqueduct into IV ventricle
3. **Exits ventricles** through lateral/median aperatures of IV ventricle to subarachnoid space and central canal of SC
4. **Does its job** (remove waste, nourish, etc.)
5. **Excess drains** through arachnoid villi into veinous blood of dural sinuses
77
blue space indicated by black line
superior sagittal sinus
- dural sinus along longitudinal fissure
78
protective system created by action of blue cell on purple structure shown here:
**blood brain barrier**
- prevents blood borne-toxins from entering brain
- formed by astrocyte processes which reduce capillary permeability
- nutrients (02) and fat-soluble molecules pass through
79
rostral
- term used for toward the nose/forehead in reference to brain anatomy
- synonymous with anterior
80
toward the tail/cord of the brain
caudal
81
Complex Neural Functions of the Brain
* intelligence
* consciousness
* memory
* sensory-motor integration
* innervation of head (via cranial nerves)
82
What and where is gray matter?
- forms cortex of cerebrum
- contains:
* motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
* dendrites
* telodendria
* unmyelinated axons
- found in clusters (nuclei) deep within white matter
83
white matter
- contains myelinated axons
- lies deep to gray matter
84
shallow grooves separating gyri
sulci (singular: sulcus)
85
elevated ridges of cerebrum
gyri (singular: gyrus)
86
deeper (than sulci) grooves in cerebrum
fissures
87
general term for axon bundles that connect cerebral hemispheres
Tract
- 3 main ones:
* Corpus Callosum
* Anterior Commissure
* Posterior Commissure
88
functional differences between the cerebral hemispheres
hemisphere lateralization
89
the reception of sensory information and projection of motor commands by cerebral hemispheres from and to opposite sides of the body
contralateral control
90
pyramidal cell
- triangular dendrites within the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala
91
entire green area
limbic system
- complex set of brain structures (notably amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate gyrus) that lies on both sides of thalamus just under the cerebrum
- plays an important role in emotion and memory
92
What and where are the sensory areas?
- areas of cortex involved in awareness of sensory stimuli
- located in parietal, temporal, occipital lobes
- distinct areas for each major sense
93
Functions of Sensory Areas
- receive sensory inputs
- locate stimulus (spatial discrimination)
- creates conscious awareness of sensory input
- integrates sensory input
- draws upon and compares current input to past inputs
94
sensory homunculus
- a somatotopy of the postcentral gyrus which indicates which areas of the gyrus are dedicated to sensory input from which organs
- area dedicated to sensations from certain body part is proportional in size to the sensitivity of that body part (ex: more area for tongue than legs)
95
What do the motor areas do?
- receive processed information about sensory input and control voluntary actions accordingly
- also involved in planning movements
96
How does the brain control motor movement?
- motor intentions begin in 'motor association' area of frontal lobes
- precentral gyrus relays motor signals to spinal cord
- messages from one side of brain supply contralaterally-located muscles
97
pyramidal cells that originate in the cerebral cortex or brain stem and carry motor information toward the muscles but do not directly innervate them
upper motor neuron
98
motor area involved in speech production and controlling emotional overtones of speech
Broca's Areas
99
area involved in understanding of written and spoken language
Wernicke's area
100
motor homunculus
- map of the pre
