Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Situated between the two lungs, 2/3 to the left
A
heart
2
Q
2 pericardial layers
A
- pericardium (outer fibrous, inner serous)
- inner serous pericardium
3
Q
2 layers of the inner serous pericardium
A
- outer parietal - fused to outer fibrous
- inner visceral - aka epicardium
4
Q
3 tissues of the heart wall?
A
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
5
Q
among the 3 tissues forming the heart wall, this is mostly/purely cardiac muscle tissue, and bulk of the heart
A
myocardium
6
Q
Refers to the two upper chamber of the heart
A
atria (plural of atrium)
7
Q
refers to the two lower chambers of the heart
A
ventricles
8
Q
partition between the atria
A
inter-atrial septum
9
Q
contains the fossa ovalis
A
inter-atrial septum
10
Q
this is the term used to call the remnant of the foramen ovale
A
fossa ovalis
11
Q
great vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
A
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- coronary sinus
12
Q
passageway of the deoxygenated blood after reaching right atrium?
A
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary artery
13
Q
passageway of the oxygenated blood from the lungs?
A
lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, ascending aorta
14
Q
Function is to prevent backflow of blood in the heart
A
valves of the heart
15
Q
collective term used to call the valves that lies between the atrium and ventricle
A
atrioventricular valves
16
Q
valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
A
tricuspid valve
17
Q
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
A
bicuspid (mitral) valve
18
Q
valves that prevents blood from flowing back into the heart
A
semilunar valves
19
Q
opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle
A
pulmonary valve
20
Q
opening of the left ventricle into the aorta
A
aortic valve
21
Q
blood flow of the heart: from _______ blood pressure to _____ blood pressue
A
high, low
22
Q
movement of _____ is controlled by contraction and relaxation of myocardium as well as opening and closing of the valves
A
blood
23
Q
- hole in the wall between the left and right atria of every human fetus
- allows blood to bypass the fetal lung
- when a newborn takes its first breath, blood pressure change and the _____ flap closes
A
foramen ovale
24
Q
movement of blood is controlled by _______ of myocardium as well as opening and closing of valves
A
contraction and relaxation
25
* coronary circulation
* oxygenated blood: ascending aorta, right and left coronary arteries
* deoxygenated blood: coronary sinus, right atrium
blood supply of the heart
26
* Components of this system are the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
conduction system
27
set route for action potentials to ensure coordinated contraction of heart muscles
conduction system
28
maintains heart rhythm
natural pacemaker
29
contains 1% of cardiac muscle fibers - specialized
conduction system of the heart
30
In ____, action potential conduction are recorded by electrodes placed on the skin
Electrocardiogram (ECG) (or EKG)
31
Components of ECG
* P wave
* QRS complex
* T wave
32
ECG wave that shows atrial depolarization (atrial contraction)
P wave
33
* Wave that shows ventricular depolarization
QRS Complex
34
In QRS complex, this shows downward deflection
Q
35
In QRS complex, this shows large upright triangular wave
R
35
In QRS complex, this shown through the down wave
S
36
In ECG, this shows ventricular repolarization
T wave
37
how many heartbeats in one cardiac cycle?
one
38
In the cardiac cycle, the two atria contract while the two ventricle ___.
relax
39
In the cardia cycle, this refers to the phase of contraction
systole
40
in the cardia cycle, this refers to the phase of relaxation
diastole
41
A cardiac cycle consists of ___and ____ of both atria plus systole and diastole of both ventricles.
systole , diastole
42
3 phases of the cardiac cycle
* relaxation period
* atrial systole
* ventricular systole
43
this begins at the end of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles start to relax and all four chambers are in diastole
relaxation period
44
contraction of atria
atrial systole
45
contraction of ventricles
ventricular systole
46
* refers to the volume of blood ejected per minute
cardiac output
47
How to calculate cardiac output?
stroke volume x heart rate
48
3 factors that affect cardiac output
* Degree of stretch
* Forcefulness of Contraction
* Pressure required to eject blood
49
the nervous system regulation of the heart originates in the cardiovascular (CV) center in the medulla oblongata.
autonomic regulation of heart rate
50
other regulators of cardiac output
the cardiac accelerator nerves, vagus (X) nerves, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors.
51
A person’s _______ can be improved at any age with regular exercise.
cardiovascular fitness
52
any activity that works large body muscles for at least 20 minutes, elevates cardiac output and accelerates metabolic rate
aerobic exercise
53
__ to ___ sessions a week are usually recommended for improving the health of the cardiovascular system.
3 - 5
54
increases the oxygen demand of the muscles
SUSTAINED EXERCISE
55
Brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming are examples of ______
AEROBIC EXERCISE
56
_______ also helps to reduce blood pressure, anxiety, and depression; control weight; and increase the body’s ability to dissolve blood clots.
REGULAR EXERCISE
57
Decrease in the diameter of the blood vessel lumen
vasoconstriction
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increase in the diameter of the blood vessel lumen
vasodilation
59
* carry **blood away** from the heart to body tissues.
* Their walls consist of three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle and an outer layer
Arteries
60
regulates blood flow from arteries into capillaries
arterioles
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connect arterioles to venules; exchange vessels
capillaries
62
similar in structure to arterioles; their walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker as they progress toward the heart
venules
63
* are structurally similar to arteries, but their middle and inner layers are thinner.
* The outer layer of ___is the thickest layer. The lumen of a ___ is wider than an artery
vein
64
How many layers does an artery have?
3 (outer, middle layer [smooth muscle], inner layer)
65
how many layer does a vein have?
2 (outer, and inner)
66
Blood flows from regions of ____ pressure to regions of ____ pressure
higher, lower
67
the greater the _____ difference, the greater the blood flow.
pressure
68
– generated by contraction of the ventricles
blood pressure
69
* the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel
* depends in part on the total volume of blood in the cardiovascular system (about 5 liters).
blood pressure
70
refers to the opposition to blood flow
vascular resistance
71
3 factors contributing to vascular resistance
* size of the blood vessel lumen
* blood viscosity
* total blood vessel length
72
control blood pressure and blood flow through:
* heart rate
* stroke volume
* vascular resistance
* blood volume
negative feedback systems
73
* regulate heart rate and stroke volume.
* neural and hormonal negative feedback systems
* receives input from proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors.
cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata
74
Input to the cardiovascular center (nerve impulses sent): monitor joint movements
proprioceptors
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Input to the cardiovascular center (nerve impulses sent): monitor blood pressure
baroreceptors
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Input to the cardiovascular center (nerve impulses sent): monitor blood acidity (H+), CO2, O2
chemoreceptors
77
Vagus (X) nerve affects the heart through _____
decreased heart rate
78
Cardia accelerator nerves (sympathetic) affects the heart through?
increased rate and contractility
79
vasomotor nerves (sympathetic) affects the blood vessels by?
vasoconstriction
80
Hormone: kidneys secrete the enzyme renin to increase B.P.
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) system
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hormone: sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
82
Hormone: hypothalamus and post. pituitary causes vasoconstriction and increased B.P.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
83
hormone: atria of heart causes vasodilation and lowers B.P.
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
84
___ are organized into circulatory routes that carry blood throughout the body.
Blood vessels
85
The two major circulatory routes are the ____ and the ____
systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation.
86
The ___ includes the arteries and arterioles that **carry blood containing O2 and nutrients from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries throughout the body**, plus the veins and venules that return blood containing CO2 and wastes to the right atrium.
systemic circulation
87
All systemic arteries branch from the ____.
aorta
88
________ returns to the heart through the systemic veins. All veins of the systemic circulation empty into the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or the coronary sinus, which, in turn, empty into the right atrium
Deoxygenated blood
89
____ distribute blood to various parts of the body, and ____ drain blood away from them. For the most part, arteries are deep. Veins may be superficial (located just beneath the skin) or deep
Arteries, veins
90
The ____ takes **deoxygenated blood** from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
pulmonary circulation
91
The ______ collects deoxygenated blood from the veins of the gastrointestinal tract and spleen and directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver
hepatic portal circulation
92
This routing allows the liver to extract and modify nutrients and detoxify harmful substances in the blood.
hepatic portal circulation
93
_____ exists only in the fetus. It involves the exchange of materials between fetus and mother via the placenta. The fetus derives O2 and nutrients from and eliminates CO2 and wastes into maternal blood.
Fetal circulation
94
the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each heartbeat. It may be felt in any artery that lies near the surface or over a hard tissue
pulse
95
A normal pulse rate is about ___ bpm
57
96
the pressure exerted by blood on the wall of an artery when the left ventricle undergoes systole and then diastole. It is measured by a sphygmomanometer.
blood pressure
97
_____ is the force of blood recorded during ventricular contraction
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
98
____ is the force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
99
The normal blood pressure of a young adult male is less than ____
120/80.
100
General changes in the cardiovascular system associated with ____ include increased stiffness of the aorta, reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size, progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength, reduced cardiac output, a decline in maximum heart rate, and an increase in systolic blood pressure.
aging
101
____ is the major cause of heart disease and death in older Americans.
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
102
______, and ___ increases with age. (diseases)
Congestive heart failure (CHF), atherosclerosis
103
About 50 million Americans have _____, or persistently high blood pressure.
hypertension
104
____ is a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet metabolic needs.
Shock
105
* An ____ is a thin, weakened section of the wall of an artery or a vein that bulges outward, forming a balloon-like sac.
* If untreated, the ____ enlarges and the blood vessel wall becomes so thin that it bursts. The result is massive hemorrhage, severe pain, stroke, or death.
aneurysm
106
* Liquid connective tissue composed of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix
* Denser than water
* Slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45)
* 8% of total body weight
* **5-6 liters in males, 4-5 liters in females**
blood
107
Functions of _____:
* transportation
* regulation
* protection
blood
108
* dissolved substances
* Less dense
* 55%
blood plasma
109
* cells and cell fragments
* More dense
* 45%
* Red blood cells – 99%
* Hematocrit
* WBCs and platelets – 1%
Formed elements
110
how to calculate hematocrit?
RBC/Total Blood Volume
111
* 91.5 percent water
* 7 percent proteins
* 1.5 percent solutes other than proteins
blood plasma
112
synthesized in liver
plasma proteins
113
contains 54% of plasma proteins, maintain proper blood osmotic pressure
albumin
114
contains 38% antibodies
globulin
115
contains 7%, blood clots
fibrinogen
116
* aka erythrocytes
* 4.8-5.4 million/ μL
RBC
117
* aka leukocytes
* 5000–10,000/ μL
WBC
118
3 types of granular leukocytes
* neutrophil
* eosinophils
* basophils
119
granular leukocytes: makes up 60-70% of WBC
neutrophil
120
granular leukocytes: makes up 2-4% of WBC
eosinophils
121
granular leukocytes: makes up 0.5-1% WBCs
basophils
122
2 components under agranular leukocytes
* T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells
* monocytes
123
agranular leukocytes: 20-25%
T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells
124
agranular leukocytes: makes up 3-8% WBC
monocytes
125
* aka thrombocytes
* 150,000–400,000/ μL
platelets
126
yolk sac →liver, spleen, thymus and lymph node →red bone marrow
formation of blood cells
127
highly vascularized connective tissue in microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue
red bone marrow
128
oxygen carrying protein; cause of blood’s red color
hemoglobin
129
* erythrocytes
* Biconcave discs approximately 8 μm in diameter
RBC
130
* leukocytes
* Combats microbes or irritation by inducing phagocytosis or by producing antibodies
* Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
* Agranular (lymphocytes [B and T cells, natural killer cells], monocytes)
WBC
131
respond first to bacterial invasion
neutrophils
132
combat inflammation in allergic reactions and are effective against parasitic worms
eosinophils
133
are also involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions and can liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin
basophils
134
the major combatants in immune responses
(Lymphocytes) B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK)
135
precursor of platelets
megakaryocytes
136
* disc-shaped cell fragments
* 150,000–400,000 platelets/mL
* functions in homeostasis by forming a platelet plug
platelet
137
The body’s response to prevent leakage of blood and blood products from injured vessels and prevent hemorrhage
homeostasis
138
contraction of smooth muscle wall of injured vessels
vascular spasm
139
platelets come together and change their configuration in order to produce a plug that forms over the vessel injury
platelet plug formation
140
complex process which culminates in the production of fibrin threads
blood clotting
141
genetically determined; present in the surface of red blood cells; composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins.
antigens
142
contains antigens A and B
ABO blood group
143
contains anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies
blood plasma
144
collective term for blood with these:
Rh+ (with antigen)
Rh– (without antigen)
Rh blood group
145
Blood type: contains A-antigen, and Anti-B antibody
type a
146
Blood type: contains B antigen, and Anti-A antibody
type B
147
Blood type: contains both A and B antigens, but **no antibody**
Type AB
148
Blood type: contains neither A nor B antigen, but **contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies**
Type O
149
what blood type is considered as the universal **donor**?
Type O
150
what blood type is considered to be as the universal **recipient**?
Type AB
