Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
- The ability to fight off pathogens and prevent disease.
- Uses a combination of physical, chemical, and cellular defenses to maintain health.
A
immunity
2
Q
2 main types of immunity
A
- innate immunity
- adaptive immunity
3
Q
type of immunity
* present at birth
* immediate response
* general protection
A
Innate immunity
4
Q
type of immunity:
* develops after exposure to specific pathogens
* slower but precise
* involves learning to recognize and remember pathogens for future defense
A
adaptive immunity
5
Q
Present at birth, rapid response
* First line of defense:
* Skin and mucous membranes
* Second line of defense:
* Antimicrobial substances, inflammation, fever
* Components: Phagocytes, natural killer cells, complement system, interferons
A
Innate immunity
6
Q
3 physical barriers
A
- Skin and mucous membranes
- Mucous membranes
- Cilia and mucus
7
Q
First line of defense, blocking pathogen entry
A
skin and mucous membranes
8
Q
traps microbes (physical barrier)
A
mucous membranes
9
Q
expels microbes
A
cilia and mucus
10
Q
3 internal defenses
A
- phagocytes (like macrophages)
- natural killer cells
- fever
11
Q
Internal defense: engulf and destroy pathogens
A
phagocytes (like macrophages)
12
Q
Internal defense: destroy infected or cancerous cells
A
natural killer cells
13
Q
Internal defense: raises body temperature to inhibit microbial growth
A
fever
14
Q
4 antimicrobial substances
A
- interferons
- complement system
- iron-binding proteins
- antimicrobial peptides
15
Q
Antimicrobial substance (EXAM): proteins that prevent viral replication
A
interferons
16
Q
Antimicrobial substance (EXAM): enhances immune response, leading to pathogen lysis
A
complement system
17
Q
Antimicrobial substance (EXAM): reduce iron availability to microbes
A
iron-binding proteins
18
Q
Antimicrobial substance (EXAM): directly kill microbes
A
antimicrobial peptides
19
Q
2 key mechanism of innate immunity
A
- inflammation
- fever
20
Q
body’s nonspecific response to tissue damage
A
inflammation
21
Q
- increases interferon effectiveness
- inhibits microbial growth
- speeds up body reactions
A
fever
22
Q
- localized response to infection or injury
- helps recruit immune cells to the side of damage
- increase blood flow and permeability
- cardinal signs: redness, swelling, heat, and pain
A
purpose of inflammation
23
Q
- responds to specific microbes
- antigens
- two types
A
adaptive immunity
24
Q
foreign substances triggering immune response
A
antigens
25
2 types of adaptive immunity
* cell-mediated immunity
* antibody-mediated immunity
26
type of adaptive immunity: T cells directly attack invaders
cell-mediated immunity
27
type of adaptive immunity: B cells produce antibodies
Antibody-mediated immunity
28
2 functions of the lymphatic system
A. Fluid balance and Lipid transport
B. Immune response
29
How does the lymphatic system maintain fluid balance and lipid transport?
* drains excess interstitial fluid
* transports dietary lipids
30
Fluid Balance and Lipid Transport: prevents tissue swelling by returning fluid to the bloodstream
drains excess interstitial fluid
31
Fluid Balance and Lipid Transport: fats absorbed from the digestive system are carried by the lymph
transports dietary lipids
32
Function of the lymphatic system that carries out immune responses by filtering harmful substances from lymph
immune response
33
* Develop in bone marrow, produce antibodies
* Produce antibodies
B cells
34
* Mature in the thymus, involved in cell-mediated immunity
* Attack infected cells directly
T cells
35
* A clear fluid similar to blood plasma. It circulates through the lymphatic vessels.
lymph
36
Thin-walled structures that transport lymph throughout the body
lymphatic vessels
37
Filter lymph and house immune cells like B and T cells
lymph nodes (Tagalog: kulani)
38
Aside from lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes, what are the other components of the lymphatic system?
thymus, spleen, and lymphatic nodules
39
* Small, blind-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid.
* (start as closed-ended structure)
Lymphatic capillaries
40
_____ and ______ drain lymph into the bloodstream, returning it to circulation.
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
41
Which areas does the right lymphatic duct drain?
* The **right side of the head and
neck** (right side of the face and
scalp).
* The **right upper limb** (arm).
* The **right side of the thorax**
(chest), including the **right lung, right side of the heart**, and part of
the liver.
42
Which areas does the right lymphatic duct empties? (**EXAM**)
The right lymphatic duct drains into the venous system at the junction of the **right internal jugular vein and the right subclavian vein.**
43
Which areas does the thoracic duct drains?
* The **entire left side of the body** (left side of the head and neck, left upper limb, and left thorax).
* The **entire lower body** (both legs, pelvic region, and abdomen)
44
The thoracic duct empties where? (**EXAM**)
The thoracic duct drains into the venous system at the junction of the **left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein.**
45
● In tissue spaces between cells
● Merge to form larger lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic capillaries
46
● Empties its lymph to left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
Thoracic duct
47
* empties its lymph into the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.
● Thus, lymph drains back into the blood.
Right lymphatic duct
48
Two pumps aid in lymph movement
○ Skeletal muscle pump
○ Respiratory pump
49
______ helps circulate immune cells to areas of infection or injury.
Lymphatic flow
50
consists of Red bone marrow and thymus, where lymphocytes mature.
Primary lymphatic organs
51
Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules, where immune responses are activated.
Secondary lymphatic organs
52
Where are red bone marrows found?
Mostly **flat bones**, and long bones
53
* Located in flat bones and long bone ends.
* Produces mature B cells and immature T cells.
red bone marrow
54
* Immature T cells migrate to the ________ to mature into functional T cells
thymus
55
These are sites where most immune responses occur.
Secondary lymphatic organs
56
Concentrated near mammary glands, axillae, and groin.
lymph nodes
57
the largest mass of lymphatic tissue
spleen
58
egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue
lymphatic nodules
59
* A two-lobed organ located:
§ Posterior to the sternum
§ Medial to the lungs
§ Superior to the heart
o Contains large numbers of T cells and macrophages.
Thymus
60
○ Located at intervals along lymphatic vessels
○ Masses of **B cells and T cells** surrounded by a capsule
○ Lymph flows through______
lymph nodes
61
o Located along lymphatic vessels
o Concentrated in certain areas (mammary glands, axillae, groin).
lymph nodes
62
§ Filter lymph and activate immune responses.
§ Contain B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
Lymph nodes
63
* contain B cells, T cells, and macrophages
* Lymph flows through ____, where foreign substances are filtered and destroyed.
lymph nodes
64
____ bring lymph into nodes
Afferent vessels
65
_____ allow lymph to exit
Efferent vessels
66
* The ___ is the largest lymphatic organ, located between the stomach and diaphragm.
* nonpalpable
* **graveyard of RBC**
o Functions (production):
§ White Pulp
§ Red Pulp
spleen
67
* Contains lymphatic tissue where immune responses take place.
white pulp
68
Removes worn-out blood cells and platelets and stores platelets
red pulp
69
In the two pump aid, "as long as it is moving, it will pour out lymph (ex. exercise); voluntary
Skeletal muscle pump
70
In the two pump aids, it "moves lymph and immune cells as we breath"; involuntary
respiratory pump
71
This lymphatic organ is large at birth, and gets small (decrease in function) at adolescence
Thymus
72
_______ is where lymphocytes mature, and _ is where immune responses are activated
Primary lymphatic organs, secondary lymphatic organs
73
* Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue
o Not surrounded by a capsule
o Located in mucous membranes lining the GI, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts
Lymphatic nodules
74
* Specific responses tailored to pathogens.
* T cells and B cells are central to this system.
* T cells attack infected cells.
* B cells produce antibodies that neutralize invaders.
adaptive immunity
75
* Substances recognized as foreign by the immune system
* Ex: microbes, pollen, drugs
antigens
76
The _____ generates specific responses to each antigen via clonal selection of T and B cells.
immune system
77
Process where lymphocytes multiply to fight a specific antigen
clonal selection
78
In lymphocyte proliferation:
* Actively fight infection.
effector cells
79
Stay in the body to quickly respond if the antigen returns
memory cells
80
Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
helper t cells
81
Destroy infected cells directly
cytotoxic t cells
82
are crucial for attacking cells that are infected with viruses or intracellular pathogens
t cells
83
This activates the cytotoxic t cells
helper t cells
84
* In ____ (disease), it attacks helper t cells
transmitted by sex, blood-borne, or vertical transmission (mother-daughter genetics)
cripples the immune system*
HIV
85
Transform into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.
b cells
86
* Bind to antigens, neutralizing pathogens
* Marking pathogens for destruction by other immune cells
antibodies
87
5 types of immunoglobulins (**EXAM**)
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
88
Immunoglobulin: Most common, provides long-term immunity (**EXAM**)
IgG
89
Immunoglobulin: Found in mucous membranes (**EXAM**)
IgA
90
Immunoglobulins, it first produced during an immune response (**EXAM**)
IgM
91
Involved in B cell activation (**EXAM**)
IgD
92
Associated with allergic reactions (**EXAM**)
IgE
93
* Persist after an infection
* Allow for a faster and stronger response if the same antigen is encountered again.
* This is the basis of vaccinations
memory cells
94
introduces a harmless form of an antigen to stimulate the production of memory cells.
vaccination
95
____ leads to a decline in immune function
Aging
96
* _____ individuals are more susceptible to infections and malignancies.
* ____: With age, the body may
produce antibodies that attack its own cells,
leading to autoimmune conditions
Elderly , autoantibodies
