Somatic and Special Senses Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
2 classification of general senses?
A
Somatic senses and visceral senses
2
Q
- Conscious or subconscious awareness of changes
in the external or internal environment. - Must satisfy the four conditions.
A
Sensation
3
Q
Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex
A
Perception
4
Q
4 conditions for sensations to occur
A
- stimulus
- nerve impulse
- brain
- interpreted as sensation
5
Q
_______ - stimulus getting to the brain
_______ - how the cerebral cortex interprets the sensation
A
Sensation, perception
6
Q
- Characteristic of MOST sensory receptors.
- Decrease in the strength of sensation during prolonged stimulus because of decrease in responsiveness of receptors.
- Perception of a sensation may fade or disappear even
though the stimulus persists
A
Adaptation
7
Q
2 variation of adaptation
A
- rapidly adapting
- slowly adapting
8
Q
Pressure, touch, and smell are what variant of adaptation?
A
Rapidly adapting
9
Q
pain, body position, and chemical composition of the blood are what variant of adaptation?
A
Slowly adapting
10
Q
2 classification of receptors are based on?
A
Structure, Function
11
Q
3 sensory receptors classified by structure
A
- free nerve ending
- encapsulated nerve endings
- separate cells
12
Q
6 sensory receptors based on function
A
- mechanoreceptor
- thermoreceptor
- nociceptor
- photoreceptor
- chemoreceptor
- osmoreceptor
13
Q
Corpuscles of touch, hair root plexuses, and type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors detect _____
A
Touch
14
Q
Lamellated corpuscles detect _____
A
pressure and vibration
15
Q
free nerve endings detect _____
A
tickle and itch sensations
16
Q
Free nerve endings present in nearly everybody detects _____
A
pain
17
Q
Free nerve endings in the epidermis and dermis have ______
A
thermoreceptors
18
Q
_____ is detected by proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles, tendons, synovial joins, inner hair cells
A
proprioception
19
Q
2 types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors
A
- Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor
- Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
20
Q
- Merkel discs/tactile discs
- Found on fingertips, hands, lips, and external genitalia
A
Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor
21
Q
- Ruffini corpuscle
- Found deep in the dermis, ligaments, and tendons, hands and soles
- Sensitive to stretching
A
Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
22
Q
- Dermal papillae of the hairless skin
- Fingertips, hands, eyelids, tip of the tongue, lips, nipples, soles, clitoris, top of the penis
A
- Corpuscles of Touch (Meissner’s
Corpuscle)
23
Q
Found in hairy skin
A
hair root plexuses
24
Q
3 tactile receptors that detect pressure
A
- Corpuscles of touch
- Type I cutaneous
mechanoreceptors - Lamellated (PACINIAN) Corpuscle
25
2 tactile receptors that detect vibrations
* corpuscles of touch
* lamellated corpuscles
26
Corpuscles of touch detect ____ frequency vibration
lower
27
Lamellated corpuscles detect __ frequency vibration
higher
28
* stimulation of free nerve endings by chemicals
* Eg: bradykinin – local inflammatory response
itch
29
* free nerve endings
* Arises only when someone touches you and not when you touch yourself
tickle
30
Free nerve endings for detecting cold (108 and 408ºC) is in the _____ layer
Epidermis
31
Free nerve endings for detecting warm (328 and 488ºC) is in the _____ layer
dermis
32
* Extreme temperatures beyond 108C and 488C stimulate mainly ____, rather than thermoreceptors, producing painful sensations.
nociceptors
33
* Free nerve endings
* Found everywhere except the brain
* Pain may persist even after a pain-producing stimulus is removed because pain causing chemicals linger and because ______ exhibit very little adaptation.
nociceptors/pain receptors
34
2 classification of pain receptors
Fast pain, slow pain
35
(classification of nociceptor)
- Rapid (after 0.1 seconds)
- Acute, sharp or picking pain
- Needle puncture, knife cut to the skin
- Not felt in the deeper tissues of the body
fast pain
36
* (classification of nociceptor)
* A second or more after stimulus
* Increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes.
* May be excruciating chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing pain.
* Can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs.
* Tooth ache
slow pain
37
* Allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them
* Allows us to walk, type, or dress without using our eyes
* Also allows us to estimate weight * Muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear
Proprioceptive sensations
38
* The _____ include smell, sight, taste, hearing, and equilibrium.
SPECIAL SENSES
39
* ______ – study of the eye and its disorders
Ophthalmology
40
the science that deals with the ears, nose, and throat and their disorders.
Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
41
The olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains:
1. Olfactory receptors cells
2. Supporting cells
3. Basal cells
42
Adaptation occurs rapidly with what sense/sensory type?
olfaction
43
What is stronger, gustation or olfaction?
olfaction
44
The gustatory receptor cells are located in _____
taste buds
45
To be tasted, substances must be _______
dissolved in saliva
46
The five primary tastes are ?
salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami.
47
Taste receptors are located where?
taste buds
48
Taste buds are located on _______
tongue papillae
49
lifespan of taste on tongue
10 days
50
3 kinds of epithelial cell in each taste buds
(1) Supporting cells
(2) gustatory receptor cells
(3) basal cells
51
4 types of tongue/lingual papillae
- Vallate
- Fungiform
- Foliate
- Filiform*
52
Lingual papillae: about 12 that contain100–300 taste buds
Vallate papillae
53
Lingual papillae: scattered over the tongue with about 5 taste buds each
Fungiform papillae
54
Lingual papillae: located in lateral trenches of the tongue—most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood
Follate papillae
55
______ cover the entire surface of the tongue.
- Contain tactile receptors but no taste buds.
- Increase friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth.
Filiform papillae
56
* ____is dissolved in the saliva and enter taste pores
Tastant
57
3 cranial nerve activated in the gustatory sensation
Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X).
58
* Impulses for taste conduct to the ______, _______, ______, ______, and the _________.
medulla oblongata, limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, primary gustatory area in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
59
5 accessory structures of the eye
* eyebrows
* eyelids
* eyelashes
* lacrimal apparatus
* extrinsic eye muscles
60
control eyelid movement
palpebral muscle
61
responsible for moving the eyeball
extrinsic eye muscles
62
- is a thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera
conjunctiva
63
* a fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids
* Contains a row of sebaceous glands (tarsal glands/ Meibomian glands) that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other.
tarsal plate
64
Produces and drains tears
lacrimal apparatus
65
pathway for the tears:
* lacrimal glands
* lacrimal ducts
* lacrimal puncta
* lacrimal canaliculi
* lacrimal sac
* nasolacrimal ducts
* nasal cavity
66
6 extrinsic eye muscles
* superior rectus
* inferior rectus
* lateral rectus
* medial rectus
* superior oblique
* inferior oblique
67
2 tunic (coats) of the eyeball
* fibrous tunic
* vascular tunic
68
Tunic that covers the cornea and sclera
fibrous tunic
69
tunic that covers the choroid, ciliary body, and iris
vascular tunic
70
* colored portion of the eyeball
* controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes
iris
71
the pupil _____ in response to bright light
constricts
72
the pupil _____ in response to dim light
dilates
73
* inner coat of the eyeball
* beginning of the visual pathway
* has 2 layers
retina
74
what are the 2 layers of retina
* pigmented
* neural layer
75
Retina layer
* Contains melanin
* Absorbs stray light
pigmented layer
76
retina layer
* Rods
* Cones
Photoreceptors
77
* shades of gray in dim light
* 120 million
* Absent in fovea, more numerous in the periphery of the retina
* 6-600 : 1 bipolar cell
rods
78
* stimulated by brighter light; highly acute color vision
* Blue, green, red cones
* 6 million
* Most dense in fovea centralis(area of highest visual acuity)
* 1:1 bipolar cell higher acuity
cones
79
2 cavity of the eye
* anterior cavity
* posterior cavity
80
* Divided into an anterior chamber and a posterior chamber by the iris (colored portion of the eyeball).
* Both chambers are filled with aqueous humor (a clear, watery liquid).
anterior cavity
81
* Aka vitreous chamber
* Filled with vitreous humor (a transparent, gelatinous substance)
Posterior cavity
82
– focus image on the retina
cornea and lens
83
focuses image on the retina
cornea and lens
84
* The ___ of the eye further refracts the light rays so that they come into exact focus on the retina.
lens
85
___ of the total refraction occurs at the cornea.
75%
86
* Images focused on the retina are ____ and ____ reversed due to refraction.
* The ___ corrects the image
* The ____ must accommodate to properly focus the object.
inverted, right-to-left, brain, lens
87
site of the sharpest vision
central fovea
88
* normal
* sufficiently refract light rays from an object 6 m (20 ft)
emmetropic eye
89
near sightedness
myopia
90
farsightedness
hyperopia
91
irregular curvature (of the eye)
astigmatism
92
* The _____ eye will refract light correctly and focus a clear image on the retina.
normal (emmetropic)
93
* Nearsightedness
* The eyeball is longer than it should be and the image converges (narrows down to a sharp focal point) in front of the retina.
* People see close objects better.
* A concave lens is used to correct the vision.
myopia
94
* Farsightedness, hypermetropia
* The eyeball is shorter than it should be and the image converges behind the retina.
* Individuals can see distant objects better
* A convex lens is used to correct this abnormality
hyperopia
95
* _____ is a condition where either the cornea or the lens (or both) has an irregular curve.
* This causes blurred or distorted vision.
astigmatism
96
contains Auricle, external auditory canal, and eardrum
external ear
97
contains Auditory (eustachian) tube, ossicles, and oval window
middle ear
98
* Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth.
* Contains the spiral organ (organ of Corti), the organ of hearing.
internal ear
99
The _____ captures sound
auricle
100
* The _____ transmits sound to the eardrum.
external auditory canal
101
____ secrete cerumen (earwax) to protect the canal and eardrum
Ceruminous glands
102
3 auditory ossicles
* malleus
* incus
* stapes
103
Sound vibrations are transmitted from the eardrum through these 3 bones to the ____ into which the stapes fits
oval window
104
* The ____ extends from the middle ear into the nasopharynx to regulate air pressure in the middle ear
eustachian tube
105
translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can
interpret as sound
cochlea
106
contains the utricle and saccule
vestibule
107
_____ works with the cerebellum for balance and equilibrium
semicircular canals
108
2 types of equilibrium
* static equilibrium
* dynamic equilibrium
109
- UTRICLE AND SACCULE
- Detects linear motion
static equilibrium
110
- SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
- Rotational acceleration or deceleration
dynamic equilibrium
111
detects linear horizontal motion
utricle
112
detects linear vertical motion
saccule
113
