Muscular system Flashcards
Slide 65 last stopped (103 cards)
1
Q
Scientific study of muscles
A
Myology
2
Q
3 types of muscles
A
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
3
Q
Striated and voluntary
A
Skeletal muscle
4
Q
striated and involuntary
A
cardiac muscle
5
Q
non-striated and involuntary
A
Smooth muscle
6
Q
4 properties of muscular tissue
A
- electrical excitability
- contractility
- extensibility
- elasticity
7
Q
Muscular tissue’s property to respond to stimulus
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electrical excitability
8
Q
muscular tissue’s property to shorten
A
contractility
9
Q
muscular tissue’s property that allows it to be stretched
A
extensibility
10
Q
Muscular tissue’s property to be able to recoil to original resting length
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elasticity
11
Q
Function of MS
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- produce body movements
- stabilizing body positions
- storing and moving substances within the body
- thermogenesis
12
Q
Attached to the bones and moves parts of the skeleton
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
13
Q
- Striated
- Voluntary
- Limited capacity for regeneration
A
SKELETAL MUSCLE
14
Q
Alternating light and dark bands
A
Striated
15
Q
Means Conscious control
A
Voluntary
16
Q
- Small number of cells that can undergo cell division
A
Limited capacity for regeneration
17
Q
Dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle
A
Epimysium
18
Q
Connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle
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Perimysium
19
Q
Delicate connective tissue (reticular fibers and basal lamina) that surrounds each muscle cell (fiber)
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Endomysium
20
Q
Histology of muscle
A
- cylindrical muscle fibers parallel to one another (elongated/cylindrical with blunt ends)
- Multi-nucleated (peripheral [at the sides])
21
Q
What do you call the plasma membrane in muscles?
A
Sarcolemma
22
Q
Invaginations of the sarcolemma
A
Transverse tubules
23
Q
Cytoplasm for muscles?
A
Sarcoplasm
24
Q
Where synthesis of ATP takes place
A
Glycogen
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This binds O2 molecules
Myoglobin
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Plays a role in muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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This is a filament
Myofibrils
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Two types of myofibrils
Thick filament, thin filament
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basic functional unit of striated muscle fibers; separated by Z discs
Sarcomeres
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extends the entire length of the thick filaments.
* A band
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center of each A band
H zone
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end of each A band; contains the rest of the thin filaments
* I band
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necessary for contraction to take place; delivered by a motor neuron
Muscle action potential
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single motor neuron + the muscle fibers it stimulates
Motor Unit
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synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
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nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibers
Motor neuron
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end of nerve cell (axon)
Presynaptic terminal
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muscle fiber membrane
Postsynaptic membrane
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space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane
* Synaptic cleft
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- in presynaptic terminal
- store and release neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicle
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- chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle
fiber
- Ex. Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter
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3 sources of ATP production
- creatine phosphate
- anaerobic glycolysis
- aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)
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– transfer of phosphate molecule to ADP to form new ATP molecule (15 seconds)
Creatine phosphate
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use of glucose to yield 2 ATP(2 minutes)
Anaerobic glycolysis
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prolonged activity (longer than half a minute) uses oxygen to produce ATP (36 ATP from each glucose molecule)
Aerobic respiration (oxidative Phosphorylation)
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_____ is a brief contraction in response to a single
action potential
Twitch contraction
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_____is the increased
strength of a contraction that occurs when a second stimulus arrives before the muscle has completely relaxed after a previous stimulus.
Wave summation
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3 types of skeletal muscle fibers
* slow oxidative (SO) fibers (red fibers)
* fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers
* fast glycolytic (FG) fibers (white)
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Fiber high in myoglobin content, many blood capillaries, large mitochondria
Slow oxidative (SO) fibers (Red fibers)
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Fiber in which aerobic respiration occurs
Slow oxidative (SO) fibers (Red fibers)
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Largest fibers high myoglobin and glycogen content
Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers
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* generates ATP by aerobic respiration
* increased intracellular glycogen level: generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis
Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers
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Fiber with low myoglobin content, high glycogen content
Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers (White)
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fiber that generate ATP by glycolysys
Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers (White)
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* Slow contraction speed.
* High resistance to fatigue.
* Primarily aerobic (oxidative) metabolism.
* Rich in mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin (which gives them a red color).
Type I Fibers (Slow-Twitch, Oxidative)
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* Best suited for endurance activities like long-distance running or cycling.
* Soleus Muscle: Located in the lower leg, involved in maintaining posture and endurance activities like walking and standing.
* Erector Spinae: A group of muscles that run along the spine, responsible for maintaining posture and providing stability during slow, sustained activities
Type I Fibers (Slow-Twitch, Oxidative)
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* Faster contraction speed than Type I fibers.
* Intermediate resistance to fatigue.
* Capable of both aerobic (oxidative) and anaerobic (glycolytic) metabolism.
* Moderate amounts of mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin.
Type IIa Fibers (Fast-Twitch, Oxidative-Glycolytic)
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* Suited for activities that require both power and endurance, such as middledistance running.
* Quadriceps Femoris (especially the Vastus Lateralis):A muscle group in the thigh that is involved in activities requiring both power and endurance, such as cycling or running.
* Gastrocnemius Muscle (Intermediate Fibers): This muscle also has __________, contributing to both explosive and moderately sustained activities.
Type IIa Fibers (Fast-Twitch, Oxidative-Glycolytic)
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* Fastest contraction speed.
* Low resistance to fatigue.
* Primarily anaerobic metabolism.
* Fewer mitochondria, capillaries, and less myoglobin (which gives them a lighter color)
Type IIb Fibers (Fast-Twitch, Glycolytic)
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* Best suited for short, explosive movements like sprinting or weightlifting.
* Gastrocnemius Muscle (Fast-twitch Portion): Particularly the lateral head, which is involved in explosive movements like sprinting or jumping.
* Muscles of the Upper Limb (e.g., Biceps Brachii): Especially in activities like weightlifting, where quick, forceful contractions are required.
Type IIb Fibers (Fast-Twitch, Glycolytic)
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2 types of muscle contraction
* Isotonic contractions
* Isometric contractions
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* In this contraction, Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions
* The muscle shortens
Isotonic contraction
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In this contraction:
* Tension in the muscle increases
* The muscle is unable to shorten
Isometric contractions
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type of muscle located in the heart
cardiac muscle
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* Mono or Binucleated centrally located nucleus
* Exhibits branching (Cylindrical/elongated with branching ends)
Cardiac Muscle
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- hold the muscle fibers together and allow muscle action potentials to quickly spread from one cardiac muscle fiber to another
Intercalated discs
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Cardiac muscle tissue contracts when stimulated by its own
_____ fibers
autorhythmic
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Cardiac muscle depends greatly on _______ to generate ATP.
aerobic cellular respiration
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Type of muscle found in internal organs and blood vessels
Smooth muscle
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- found in the walls of hollow viscera and of small blood vessels
Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle tissue
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found in large blood vessels, large airways to the lungs, arrector pili muscles, and the eye
Multiunit smooth muscle tissue
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Contraction and relaxation longer in ______
smooth muscle
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__________ is a state of continuous partial contraction of smooth muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tone
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Muscle that is fusiform in shape
smooth muscle
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3 parts of a muscle
* origin
* belly
*insertion
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* Proximal fixed
attachment
* nonmovable end
origin
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* widest portion
* middle
belly
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*Distal movable attachment
* movable end
Insertion
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7 muscular forms/shape
1. fusiform
2. quadrate
3. triangular
4. unipennate
5. bipennate
6. longitudinal
7. multipennate
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The greater the length of muscle fibers, the ____ the range of motion
wider
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The greater the number of muscle fibers, the ___and ____ the action of the muscle
greater, more powerful
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4 types of muscles
1. prime mover
2. antagonist
3. synergist
4. fixator
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muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
prime mover
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muscle that **opposes** or reverses a prime mover
antagonist
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muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
synergist
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stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
Fixator
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nomenclature
origin and insertion of muscle + shape of muscle + action of the muscle
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7 major descriptive categories of naming skeletal muscles
* direction of fibers
* location
* size
* number of origins
* shape
* origin and insertion
* action
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Autoimmune disease that causes chronic, progressive damage to the NMJ (neuromuscular junction)
Myasthenia gravis
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In this clinical disorder, immune system inappropriately produces antibodies that bind and block some ACh receptors
Myasthenia gravis
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* Weakness of eye muscle (Double vision)
* Difficulty in swallowing, later chewing and talking
* Muscle of the limbs may be involved
Myasthenia Gravis
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* Inherited muscle destroying disease that causes progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers.
* DUCHENNE MUSCUKAR DYSTROPHY
Muscular dystrophy
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* X Chromosomes: boys : ages 2 and 5
* Falls often, difficulty running, jumping
* 12 y/o unable to walk
* Respiratory and cardiac failure: 20 and 30 y/o
Muscular dystrophy
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* Painful, non articular, rheumatic disorder
* 25 to 50 y/o
* 15 x more common in women
Fibromyalgia
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* Affects fibrous connective tissue components of muscle, tendons and ligaments
* Pain that results from gentle pressure at specific areas “tender points”.
* Even without pressure, pain, tenderness and stiffness of muscles, tendons and surrounding soft tissues.
Fibromyalgia
96
This is s due to increased production of myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and other organelles. It results from very forceful, repetitive muscular activity, such as strength training.
Muscular hypertrophy
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This is a decrease in size of individual muscle fibers as a result of progressive loss of myofibrils. Atrophy that occurs because muscles are not used is termed disuse atrophy
Muscular atrophy
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Refers to sudden involuntary contradiction of a single muscle in a large group of muscle
Spasm
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Painful spasmodic contraction
Cramp
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Spasmodic twitching, involuntary
Tic
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Rhythmic, involuntary purposeless contraction that produces a quivering or shaking movements
Tremor
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Involuntary brief twitch of an entire motor unit that is visible under the skin
Fasciculations
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Spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber that is not visible under the skin
* destructions of motor neurons
Fibrillation
