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Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

6 functions of bone and skeletal system

A
  • support
  • protection
  • assistance in movement
  • mineral homeostasis
  • blood cell production
  • triglyceride storage
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2
Q

4 types of bones

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bone
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3
Q

Bone that have a greater length than width and consists of a shaft and a variable number of ends

A

Long bones

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4
Q

Bone that are usually somewhat curved for strength

A

Long bones

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5
Q

femur, tibia and fibula, humerus, ulna and radius, and phalanges are what type of bone?

A

Long bone

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6
Q

Bones that are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width

A

Short bones

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7
Q

Bones that include wrist and ankle bone

A

Short bones

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8
Q

Bones that are generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment

A

Flat bones

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9
Q

Cranial bone, sternum, ribs, and scapulae are what type of bone?

A

Flat bones

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10
Q

Bones that have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories

A

Irregular bones

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11
Q

Vertebrae and some facial bone are what type of bone?

A

Irregular bone

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12
Q

2 types of bone ossification

A
  • intramembranous ossification
  • endochondral ossification
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13
Q

4 process of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Development of ossification center
  2. Calcification
  3. Formation of trabeculae
  4. Development of the periosteum
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14
Q

6 process of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Development of cartilage model
  2. Growth of cartilage model
  3. Development of primary ossification center
  4. Development of the medullary (marrow) membrane
  5. Development of secondary ossification center
  6. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.
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15
Q

Refers to any break in a bone

A

Fracture

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16
Q

4 types of fraction

A
  • partial
  • complete
  • closed (simple)
  • open (compound)
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17
Q

incomplete break across the bone, such as a crack

A

Partial

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18
Q

A complete break across the bone; that is, the body is broken into two or more pieces

A

Complete

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19
Q

The fractured bone does not break through the skin

A

Closed (simple)

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20
Q

The broken ends of the bone protrude though the skin

A

Open (compound)

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21
Q

4 steps of repair of a fracture

A
  1. Hematoma formulation
  2. Soft callus formation
  3. Hard callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
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22
Q

_____ has the ability to alter its strength in response to mechanical stress

A

Bone tissue

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23
Q

When placed under stress, bone tissue become stronger through _____________

A

Increased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers

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24
Q

Without _________, bone does not remodel normally because resorption outpaces bone formation

A

mechanical stress

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25
The ____________ weakens bone through decreased numbers of collagen fibers and demineralization, loss of bone minerals
absence of mechanical stress
26
(mineral) make bone extracellular matrix hard
calcium and phosphorus
27
(mineral) helps form bone extracellular matrix
magnesium
28
Activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone extracellular matrix
Manganese
29
Helps strengthen bone extracellular matrix
Fluoride
30
4 mineral factors that influence bone metabolism
* calcium and phosphorus * magnesium * fluoride * manganese
31
Vitamin needed for the activity of osteoblasts during remodeling of bone; deficiency stunts bone growth; toxic in high doses
Vit. A
32
Vitamin needed for synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein; deficiency leads to decreased collagen production, which slows down bone growth and delays repair of broken bones
Vitamin C
33
(vitamin); active form (calcitriol)is produced by kidneys; help build bone by increasing absorption of calcium from gastrointestinal tract into blood; deficiency causes faulty calcification, and slows down bone growth; may induce risk of osteoporosis but toxic if taken in high doses. People who have minimal exposure to ultraviolet rays do not take vitamin __ supplements may not have sufficient vitamin __ to absorb calcium. Inteferes with calcium metabolism
Vitamin D
34
Vitamin needed for synthesis of bone proteins; deficiency leads to abdominal protein production in bone extracellular matrix and decreased bone density
Vitamin K and B12
35
36
Secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues, including bone, mainly by stimulation production of insulinlike growth factors
Human growth hormone (hHG)
37
Secreted by liver, bones, and other tissues on stimulation by human grown hormone; promotes normal bone growth nu stimulation osteoblasts and by increasing synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone
Insulinlike growth factors (iGFs)
38
Secreted by thyroid gland; promote normal bone growth by stimulation osteoblasts
Thyroid hormone (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
39
secreted by ovaries in women and by testes in men; stimulate osteoblasts and promote the sudden "growth spurt" that occurs during the teenage years; shut down growth at epiphyseal plates around age 18 - 21, causing lengthwise growth of bone to end; contribute to bone remodeling during adulthood by slowing bone resorption by osteoclasts and promoting bone deposition by osteoblasts
Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
40
Secreted by parathyroid glands; promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts, enhances recovery of calcium ions from urine; promotes formation of active form of vitamin d (calcitriol)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
41
Secreted by thyroid gland; inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts
Calcitrionin (CT)
42
Weight-bearing activates stimulate osteoblasts and, consequently, help build thicker, stronger bones, and retard loss of bone mass that occurs as people age
Exercise
43
As the level of sex hormone diminishes during middle age to older adulthood, especially in women after menopause, bone resorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone deposition by osteoblasts, which leads to a decrease in bone mass and an increased risk of osteoporosis
Aging
44
Two divisions of skeletal system
* axial skeleton * appendicular skeleton
45
How many total bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
46
How many total bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
47
6 fontanels?
* anterior * posterior * 2 anterolateral * 2 posterolateral
48
Fontanel located between the two parietal bone and frontal bone; roughly diamond-shaped
Anterior
49
Fontanel located between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone
posterior
50
fontanel with one on each side of the skull between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bone
anterolateral
51
fontanel with one on each side of the skull between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bone
posterolateral
52
Divisions of the vertebral column
* cervical curve * thoracic curve * lumbar curve * sacrum * coccyx
53
How many cervical vertebrae do we have?
7
54
How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?
12
55
How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?
5
56
How many sacral vertebrae do we have?
5 fused sacral vertebrae
57
Name the 8 carpal bones in order
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, hamate
58
The head of the femur articulates with what part of the pelvis?
Acetabulum
59
Where is the false pelvis?
Outermost part of the pelvis
60
Where is the true pelvis?
Inner cavity of the pelvic bone
61
7 tarsal bone
Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, cuneiform I, II and III, navicular
62
Comparison of male and female pelvis: general structure?
Female: light and thin Male: heavy and thick
63
Comparison of male and female pelvis: false (greater) pelvis
Female: shallow Male: deep
64
Comparison of male and female pelvis: pelvic inlet
Female: larger and more oval Male: smaller and heart shaped
65
Comparison of male and female pelvis: aceabulum
Female: small and faces anteriorly Male: large and faces laterally
66
Comparison of male and female pelvis: obturator foramen
Female: oval Male: round
67
Comparison of male and female pelvis: pubic arch
Female: greater than 90° Male: less than 90°

Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls (17 decks)

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