Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
- Take in food
- Break down food
- Absorb digested materials
- Provide nutrients
- Eliminate waste
A
digestive system
2
Q
Layer of the smooth epithelial tissue
A
peritoneum
3
Q
connective tissue of organs in abdominal cavity
A
mesenteries
4
Q
mesentery connecting lesser curvature of stomach to liver and diaphram
A
lesser omentum
5
Q
mesentery connecting greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall
A
greater omentum
6
Q
- First part of digestive system
- Contains stratified squamous epithelia
A
oral cavity
7
Q
- produce saliva which contains enzymes to breakdown carbohydrates into glucose
- cleanse mouth
- dissolve and moisten food
A
salivary glands
8
Q
salivary enzyme that breaks down
carbohydrates
A
amylase
9
Q
salivary enzymes that are active against bacteria
A
lysozyme
10
Q
house taste buds and mucus
A
tongue
11
Q
_______ is hard covering protects against abrasions
A
enamel
12
Q
how many teeth in a normal adult?
A
32
13
Q
how many primary (baby) teeth?
A
20
14
Q
Center of tooth is ______
A
pulp cavity
15
Q
______ are breakdown of enamel by acids from bacteria
A
cavities
16
Q
roof of oral cavity
A
palate
17
Q
anterior part of palate
A
hard palate
18
Q
posterior part of palate
A
soft palate
19
Q
- includes submandibular, sublingual, parotid
- produce saliva contains enzymes to breakdown food
A
salivary gland
20
Q
inflammation of parotid gland
A
mumps
21
Q
Type of secretion of parotid gland
A
purely serous
22
Q
Type of secretion of submandibular gland
A
mixed predominantly serous
23
Q
Type of secretion of sublingual gland
A
mixed predominantly mucous
24
Q
- Throat
- Connects mouth to esophagus
A
pharynx
25
* Tube that connects pharynx to stomach
* Transport food to stomach
* Joins stomach at cardiac opening
esophagus
26
- occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into esophagus
- caused by caffeine, smoking, or eating or drinking in excess
heartburn
27
Phases of swallowing
* voluntary phase
* pharyngeal phase
* esophageal phase
* peristalsis
28
Swallowing phase: bolus (mass of food) formed in mouth and pushed into oropharynx
voluntary phase
29
swallowing phase: swallowing reflex initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in oropharynx
pharyngeal phase
30
swallowing phase: moves food from pharynx to stomach
esophageal phase
31
swallowing phase: wave-like contractions moves food through digestive tract (Myenteric plexus/Auerbach’s plexus)
peristalsis
32
* Located in abdomen
* Storage tank for food
* Produces mucus, hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzymes
* Contains a thick mucus layer that lubricates and protects epithelial cells on ______ wall form acidic pH (3)
* Can hold up to 2 liters of food
stomach
33
Function of the _______ of the stomach is to produce churning action
thick muscular layer
34
Function of the _______ of the stomach acts as the large folds that allow stomach to stretch
rugae
35
Function of the _______ of the stomach is the paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down
chyme
36
opening between stomach and small intestine
pyloric opening
37
thick, ring of smooth muscle around pyloric opening
pyloric sphincter
38
stomach is stimulated to contract by low blood glucose levels usually 12-24 hours after a meal
hunger pangs
39
3 phases of regulation of stomach secretions
* cephalic phase
* gastric phase
* intestinal phase
40
Parasympathetic stimulation, gastrin, histamine increase stomach secretions
regulation of stomach secretions
41
- 1st phase of stomach secretion regulation
- stomach secretions are initiated by sight, smell, taste, or food thought
cephalic phase
42
- 2nd phase of stomach secretions regulation
- partially digested proteins and distention of stomach promote secretion
gastric phase
43
- 3rd phase of stomach secretion regulation
- acidic chyme stimulates neuronal reflexes and secretions of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions by negative feedback loops
intestinal phase
44
2 types of waves in the stomach
* mixing waves
* peristaltic waves
45
Stomach waves:
- weak contraction
- thoroughly mix food to form chyme
mixing waves
46
stomach waves:
- stronger contraction
- force chyme toward and through pyloric sphincter
peristaltic waves
47
_____ and _____ stimulate stomach secretions
Hormonal, neural mechanisms
48
Stomach empties every _ hours after regular meal, and ___ hours after high fatty meal
4, 6-8
49
What does surface mucous cells secrete?
mucin in an alkaline fluid
50
what does mucous neck cells secrete?
mucin in an acidic fluid
51
what does parietal cells secrete?
HCL & intrinsic factor
52
what does chief cells secrete
pepsinogen & lipase
53
What does G cells/enteroendocrine cells secrete?
gastrin
54
* Measures 6 meters in length
* Major absorptive organ
* Chyme takes 3-5 hours to pass through
* Contains enzymes to further breakdown food
* Contains secretions for protection against chyme’s acidity
Small intestine
55
3 parts of the small intestine
* duodenum
* jejunum
* ileum
56
part of small intestine:
- 25 cm long
- contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells, endocrine cells
- contains microvilli and many folds
- contains bile and pancreatic ducts
duodenum
57
part of small intestine: 2.5 meters long and absorbs nutrients
jejunum
58
part of small intestine: 3.5 meters long
ileum
59
* Function is to absorb water from indigestible food
* Contains cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
large intestine
60
- joins small intestine at ileocecal junction
- has appendix attached
cecum
61
9 cm structure that is often removed
appendix
62
- 1.5 meters long
- contains ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid regions
colon
63
straight tube that begins at sigmoid and ends at anal canal
rectum
64
last 2-3 cm of digestive tract
anal canal
65
Food takes how long to pass through?
18 - 24 hrs
66
a product of water, indigestible food, and microbes
feces
67
Microbes synthesize vitamin __
K
68
* Weighs about 3 lbs.
* In right upper quadrant of abdomen under diaphragm
* Right, left, caudate, quadrate lobes
* contains porta
* Receives blood from hepaticartery
liver
69
gate where blood vessels, ducts, nerves enter and exit
porta
70
4 liver ducts
* hepatic duct
* common hepatic duct
* cystic duct
* common bile duct
71
liver duct: transports bile out of liver
hepatic duct
72
liver duct: formed from left and right hepatic duct
common hepatic duct
73
liver duct:
- joins common hepatic duct
- from gallbladder
cystic duct
74
liver duct: formed from common hepatic duct and cystic duct
common bile duct
75
* Small sac on inferior surface of liver
* Stores and concentrates bile
gallbladder
76
* Digestive and excretory functions
* Stores and processes nutrients
* Detoxifies harmful chemicals
* Synthesizes new molecules
* Secretes 700ml of bile each day
functions of liver
77
dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid and breaks down fats
bile
78
* Located posterior to stomach in inferior part of left upper quadrant
* Head near midline of body
* Tail extends to left and touches spleen
* Endocrine tissues have pancreatic islet that produce insulin and glucagon
* Exocrine tissues produce digestive enzymes
pancreas
79
breakdown of food occurs in stomach and mouth
digestion
80
moves food through digestive tract includes swallowing and peristalsis
propulsion
81
primarily in duodenum and jejunum of small intestine
absorption
82
elimination of waste in the form of feces
defecation
83
_____split into disaccharides by salivary and pancreatic amylases
Polysaccharides
84
____ broken down into monosaccharides by disaccharidases on surface of intestinal epithelium
Disaccharides
85
___ is absorbed by cotransport with Na+ into intestinal epithelium
Glucose
86
____ is carried by hepatic portal vein to liver and enters most cells by facilitated diffusion
Glucose
87
* Bile salts emulsify lipids
* Lipase breaks down lipids which form micelles
* Micelles are in contact with intestinal epi. and diffuse with cells where they are packaged and released into lacteals
* Lipids are stored in adipose tissue and liver
liver digestion
88
* Proteins are split into polypeptides by enzymes secreted by stomach and pancreas
* Peptides and amino acids are absorbed into intestinal epi. cells
* Amino acids are actively transported into cells (help from GH and insulin)
* Amino acids used to build new proteins
protein digestion
89
* ___ can move across intestinal wall in either direction
* Depends on osmotic conditions
* 99% of ____entering intestine is absorbed
Water
90
____ are actively transported across wall of small intestine
Minerals
