Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Blood is also known as?
A
hemo or sanguinos
2
Q
Condition in where the body maintains a stable internal environment?
A
Homeostasis.
3
Q
Make up of blood?
A
Plasma (52-62%) Formed Elements (38-48%)
4
Q
Normal amount of blood?
A
4-6 Liters
5
Q
Normal pH of blood?
A
7.35-7.45
6
Q
Bright red blood
A
Arterial (oxygenated)
7
Q
Dark Red
A
Venous (deoxygenated)
8
Q
Percentage of blood from total body weight?
A
8%
9
Q
Function of blood?
A
Transportation, Regulation, Protection
10
Q
Colour of plasma?
A
Straw coloured.
11
Q
Water percentage of plasma?
A
90-92%
12
Q
Content of plasma?
A
Globulin, Albumin, Fibrinogen
13
Q
Make up of globulin in plasma?
A
38%
14
Q
Part of the plasma which helps in immunity?
A
Globulin
15
Q
Make up of albumin in blood?
A
58%
16
Q
Part of plasma which helps maintain water balance?
A
Albumin
17
Q
Make up of fibrinogen in plasma?
A
4%
18
Q
Part of plasma which aids in clot formation?
A
Fibrinogen.
19
Q
What are the blood forming organs?
A
Bone Marrow, Liver, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus
20
Q
Process of blood cell production.
A
Hematopoiesis
21
Q
What are the three kinds of blood cells?
A
WBC, RBC, Platelets.
22
Q
Alternative name for red blood cells?
A
Erythrocytes.
23
Q
Where are red blood cells formed?
A
Bone marrow.
24
Q
Diameter of red blood cells?
A
7 Microns
25
Shape of red blood cells?
Biconcave discs.
26
Main pigment in RBC?
Hemoglobin.
27
Contents of hemoglobin?
Iron and protein.
28
Hemoglobin accounts for how much of the cells volume?
1/3
29
Number of RBC per cubic mm
4,500,000-6,000,000
30
Who have more red blood cells?
Men
31
Lifespan of RBC?
120 days.
32
Product of small intestine which aids in the formation of red blood cells?
Vitamin B12
33
Where is B12 produced?
Intestines.
34
Enzyme secreted by stomach found in intestine for absorption of Vitamin B12.
Intrinsic Factor
35
Hormone which controls the rate of red blood cell formation.
Erythropoietin
36
Alternative name for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
37
Density of WBC per cubic mm?
6,000-10,000
38
Function of white blood cells?
Defence, Repair, Immunity
39
Two classifications of WBC?
Granulocytes, Agranulocytes.
40
Lifespan of granulocytes?
12 hours.
41
How many kinds of granulocytes are there?
3
42
Enumerate the 3 granulocytes?
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil.
43
Most common type of granulocyte?
Neutrophils
44
Neutrophil which performs phagocytosis?
Neutrophils.
45
Least common of all WBC?
Basophils
46
Basophils release what chemicals?
Histamine and Heparin
47
White bloodcell which reduces inflammation?
Eosinophil
48
Granulocyte which stains both acidic and basic?
Neutrophils
49
Granulocyte which stains blue or purple?
Basophils
50
Granulocyte which stains bright red with eosin?
Eosinophil.
51
The stain used on eosinophils?
Eosin.
52
Smallest WBC?
Lymphocytes
53
Largest WBC?
Monocytes.
54
Shape of Monocytes?
Kidney Shaped Nucleus
55
Agranulocytes which produce macrophages?
Monocytes.
56
How many Agranulocytes are there?
2
57
Enumerate the 2 agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, Monocytes.
58
Alternative name for platelets?
Thrombocytes.
59
Cells which produce platelets?
Megakaryocytes.
60
Lifespan of platelets?
10 days.
61
Number of platelets per cubic mm?
200,000 to 400,000
62
Function of platelets?
Stop bleeding.
63
Hormone which is produced by the liver to increase rate of platelet production?
Thrombopoietin.
64
Term for low platelet count?
Thrombocytopenia.
65
Stoppage of blood?
Hemostasis
66
Cycle of blood stoppage.
Blood vessel spasm, Platelet plug Formation, Blood Coagulation
67
Who discovered the ABO blood types?
Karl Landsteiner
68
4 main categories of blood?
A, B, AB, O
69
Transfer of blood?
Blood transfusion
70
Person donating blood?
Donor
71
Person receiving blood?
Recipient.
72
Two types of bodies found in blood which determine their type?
Antigens, Antibodies
73
Happens when Antigen fits with antibodies?
Agglutination
74
Universal donor?
Type O
75
Universal Recipient?
Type AB
76
Two circuits of cardiovascular system?
Pulmonary circuit, Systemic Circuit
77
Circuit which sends deoxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange?
Pulmonary circuit.
78
Circuit which sends oxygenated blood to all body cells?
Systemic circuit.
79
Shape of heart?
Cone shaped
80
Size of the heart?
Fist size
81
Location of heart?
Between lungs in thorax.
82
Heart pump rate?
72 times a minute
83
Parts of heart wall?
Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium
84
Layer forms the lining membrane of the heart with a smooth inner surface?
Endocardium
85
Muscular layer of heart composed of cardiac muscles?
Myocardium
86
Outer layer of the muscular layer of the heart?
Epicardium
87
Epicardium is also known as?
Visceral Pericardium
88
Two types of pericardium?
Serous Pericardium, Fibrous Pericardium
89
Surounds the parietal pericardium to form the outer ayer of the pericardial sac?
Fibrous Pericardium
90
Folded membrane which gives 2 layers?
Serous Pericardium
91
2 types of serous pericardium?
Visceral, Parietal Pericardium
92
Serous pericardium on the surface of the heart muscle?
Visceral Pericardium
93
Serous pericardium which lines fibrous pericardium?
Parietal pericardium
94
Alternative name of visceral Pericardium?
Epicardium
95
Bag where the heart is found?
Pericardial Sac
96
Space around the heart?
Pericardial Cavity
97
Pericardial cavity contains this fluid to reduce friction?
Serous fluid
98
Lies at the basal end of the heart (upper chamber)?
Atria
99
Lies towards the apex of the heart (lower chamber)?
Ventricles
100
Partition that separates the right and left atria?
Interatrial septum
101
Partition that separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
102
Separates the atria from ventricles?
Coronary sulcus.
103
Atria which recieves blood from veins?
Right atria.
104
The 3 major openings of right atrium?
Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus.
105
Caries blood from the upper body to the right atrium?
Superior Vena Cava
106
Carries blood from the lower body to the right atrium?
Inferior Vena Cava
107
Drains blood from the heart muscle?
Coronary Sinus
108
The atrium which recieves blood from the 4 pulmonary veins?
Left Atrium
109
How many pulmonary veins are there?
4
110
Function of the ventricles?
Pumps
111
Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk?
Right ventricle
112
Pumps blood intro aorta?
Left ventricle
113
Directs bloodflod and prevents regurgitation or backflow?
Valves
114
What are the 4 heart valves?
Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid Valve, Aortic Semilunar Valve, Pulmonary Semilunar Valve.
115
Alternative name for tricuspid valve?
Atrioventricular Valve
116
Valve between RA and RV?
Tricuspid valve
117
Alternative name for bicuspid valve?
Mitral Valve
118
Valve between LA and LV?
Bicuspid Valve
119
Valve between RV and pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
120
Valve between LV and Aorta?
Aortic Semilunar Valve
121
Muslces which contract and prevent valves from opening into atria?
Papillary muscles
122
Tendon holds valves in one direction?
Chordae Tendineae
123
Alternative name for opening?
Ostium
124
How many openings does the heart have in total?
11
125
Caries oxygenated blood away from heart?
Arteries
126
The only artery which carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary arteries
127
Largest Artery?
Aorta
128
Used to listen to heart and lungs?
Stethoscope
129
Two main sounds of heart?
LUBB DUPP
130
First heart sound results from closure of atrioventricular valve?
LUBB
131
Second heart sound as a result from the closure of semiluar valve?
DUPP
132
Causes the LUBB sound?
Atrioventricular Valve
133
Causes the DUPP sound?
Semilunar Valve
134
Abnormal sounds of heart?
Heart Murmurs
135
Types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins
136
Carries deoxygenated blood towards heart?
Veins
137
Blood vessel where exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids?
Capillaries
138
Two of the largest arteries?
Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk
139
Parts of Aorta
Aortic Arch, Ascending, Descending, Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta
140
Accumulation of soft masses of fatty material lining arteries?
Atherosclerosis
141
Occurs when oxygen does not reach the brain?
Stroke
142
Occurs when oxygen fails to reach the heart?
Myocardial Infarction
143
Layers of the arterial wall?
Tunica Interna, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa
144
Alternative ame for Tunica Externa?
Adventitia
145
Inner most arterial layer compose of endothelium?
Tunica Interna
146
Middle layer of arterial wall which makes up the bulk of arterial wall?
Tunica Media
147
Outer layer of arterial wall?
Tunica Externa
148
The 3 branches of aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic Artery, Left Common Carotid Artery, Left Subclavian Artery
149
Supply blood to heart?
Coronary Arteries
150
Circle of arteries around pituitary gland?
Arterial Circle
151
Alternative name for arterial circle?
Circle of Willis
152
Small final branch of smallest arteries which connect artery to capillary?
Arterioles
153
Lines capillaries?
Squamous layer
154
Smallest veins formed by union of capillaries which connect to veins?
Venules
155
Major veins that drain blood from head and neck?
External and internal Jugular Veins
156
When veins are abnormally dilated and show superficially?
Varicose Veins
157
Surge of blood entering the arteries?
Pulse
158
Force of the blood against the vessel walls?
Blood pressure
159
Two factors that affect blood pressure?
Cardiac Output and Peripheral Resistance
160
Effects of aging
Heart grows larger, Valves become thicker, Myocardium contracts less, resting HR decreases, varicose veins.
161
Action potenial originates from?
Sinoatrial Node
162
Path of Action potential
SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, Right and Left Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers
163
Alternative name for atrioventricular bundle?
Bundle of His
