Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Six chemicals required by our body?
A
- Carbohydrates
- Fats or Lipids
- Proteins
- Mineral Salts
- Vitamins
- Water
2
Q
Enumerate the digestive functions?
A
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Defecation
3
Q
Process where food is taken in to the mouth?
A
Ingestion.
4
Q
Two processes that occur within the mouth.
A
- Mastication
* Deglutition
5
Q
Swallowing
A
Deglutition
6
Q
Chewing
A
Mastication
7
Q
Breaking up of large food molecules into smaller molecules for absorption?
A
Digestion.
8
Q
Two types of digestion?
A
- Mechanical
* Chemical
9
Q
Breaks large pieces into smaller pieces without altering their chemical attributes?
A
Mechanical Digestion.
10
Q
Breaks food down into simpler chemicals by using enzymes.
A
Chemical digestion.
11
Q
Passage of food products into blood or lymph capillaries.
A
Absorption.
12
Q
Elimination of non digestable waste.
A
Defecation.
13
Q
Most important division of the abdomen?
A
RLQ (appendix)
14
Q
Most important addisons plane?
A
Epigastrium.
15
Q
Cavity within hollow organs.
A
Lumen.
16
Q
Lines abdominal pelvic cavities and covers most of abdominal pelvic organs.
A
- Parietal peritoneum
- Visceral peritoneum
- Peritoneal cavity
17
Q
Lines wall of abdominal cavity?
A
Parietal peritoneum.
18
Q
Serous membrane which covers organs.
A
Visceral peritoneum.
19
Q
Space between parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum?
A
Peritoneal cavity.
20
Q
Double layer of preitoneum.
A
Mesentery.
21
Q
Retroperitoneal organs
A
- Adrenal glands
- Duodenum
- Pancreas
- Urinary bladder
- Ascending colon
- Rectum
22
Q
Double layer of parietal peritoneum between parts of large intestine.
A
Mescolon.
23
Q
Large layer of peritoneum between two organs.
A
Omentum.
24
Q
Mesentery connecting greater curvature to transverse colon.
A
Greater omentum
25
Mesentery connecting lesser curvature to the liver and diaphragm.
Lesser omentum.
26
Ring of muscles that act as a valve?
Sphincter
27
Smooth contraction of muscles which move food along digestive track.
Peristalsis.
28
Contraction of small segments of bowel?
Segmentation.
29
Visceral layer of peritoneum that covers most abdominal organs and pelvic organs.
Serosa or serous layer
30
Produces movements of the tubes.
Muscular layer.
31
Part of the muscular layer which produces a shortening of tubes?
Outer longitudinal layer.
32
Part of the muscular layer which produces a contraction in diamater.
Inner circular layer.
33
Carries blood vessels and lymphatic nerves to lining membrane of tube.
Submucosa or submucous coat.
34
Adjacent to lumen and inner most layer of digestive tract?
Mucosa or mucous coat.
35
Two groups of organs which compose digestive system?
* Gastrointestinal tract
| * Accessory digestive organs
36
Alternative name for gastrointestinal tract?
Alimentary canal or gut.
37
Contents of alimentary canal.
```
MouthPharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
```
38
Accessory organs
```
TeethTongue
Salivary glads
Liver
Galbladder
Pancreas
```
39
Starting point of digestion.
Mouth.
40
Space between cheeks and lips?
Vestibule
41
Chamber between palate and tounge?
Oral cavity.
42
Forms roof of mouth?
Palate.
43
Parts of hard palate.
* Palatine process
| * Palatine bone
44
Separates oral cavity from nasopharynx.
Soft palate.
45
What prevents food from entering nasal cavity?
* Soft palate
| * Uvula
46
Space between mouth and oral pharynx. Formed by the soft palate and palatine arches.
Fauces.
47
From soft palate to base of tongue?
Palatoglossal arch
48
From soft palate to the side of pharynx.
Palatopharyngeal arch
49
Between both palatine arches?
Palatine tonsils.
50
Reddish portion of lips.
Vermillion.
51
Muscular organ which mixes food.
Tongue
52
Tongue is covered in
Papillae
53
Tongue is made up of.
* Skeletal muscle
| * Mucous membrane
54
Bears tastebuds
Papillae
55
Fives tastes
* Sweet
* Sour
* Salty
* Bitter
* Umami
56
3 muscles of tongue?
Intrinsic musclesExtrinsic muscles
| Lingual frenulum
57
Changes shape of tongue.
Intrinsic muscles.
58
Connects skull to tongue and allows tongue to move?
Extrinsic muscles.
59
Found underneath the tongue?
Lingual frenulum.
60
How many primary teeth?
20
61
How many secondary teeth?
32
62
Alternative name for primary teeth?
Deciduous teeth
63
Alternative name for secondary teeth?
Permanent Teeth.
64
Process of chewing?
Mastication
65
Small mass of food that has been chewed?
Bolus
66
Center of the tooth?
Pulp cavity.
67
Cellular bonelike tissue surrounding pulp cavity?
Dentin
68
Hard acellular substance that covers dentin of the crown protecting it from abrasion and acid?
Enamel
69
Holds teeth in place?
Peridontal Ligament
70
Formed due to breakdown of enamel by bacterial acid?
Dental Caries
71
Alternative name for tooth decay?
Dental Caries.
72
Number of incisors?
8
73
Teeth for biting?
Incisors
74
Purpose of incisors?
Biting
75
Number of cuspids?
4.0
76
Alternative name for cuspids?
Canines
77
Function of cuspids?
Tearing
78
Tooth for tearing?
Cuspids
79
Number of bicuspids?
8.0
80
Alternative name for bicuspids?
Premolars
81
Number of molars?
12.0
82
Purpose of molars?
Crushing food
83
Tooth used for crushing?
Molars
84
How many salivary glands are there?
Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual Glands
85
Alternative name for submandibular gland?
Submaxillary Gland
86
Largest salivary gland?
Parotid Gland
87
Gland that secretes amylase
Parotid Gland
88
Duct of the parotid?
Stensens' Duct
89
Smallest of all the salivary glands?
Sublingual glands
90
Gland that secretes mucous?
Sublingual Glands
91
Gland that secretes a more viscourse fluid than the parotid gland?
Submandibular Gland
92
Duct of the submandibular glands?
Wharton's Duct.
93
Rate of saliva released per day?
1 Liter per day
94
Components of Saliva?
Salivary Amylase, Mucus.
95
Enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides?
Salivary Amylase
96
Thick fluid that binds food particles and lubricates it for swallowing?
Mucus.
97
Length of pharynx?
5 inches
98
Cavity posteror to the mouth, connecting nasal, oral and larynx together?
Pharynx
99
3 parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.
100
Blocks food from entering the nasal area?
Soft Palate
101
Blocks food from entering trachea?
Epiglottis
102
Region above trachea with epiglottis?
Glottis
103
Alternative name for esophagus?
Gullet
104
Muscular tube that extends from laryngeal part of the pharynx to stomach?
Esophagus
105
Length of esophagus?
10 inches
106
Landmarks of the esophagus?
C6 to T11
107
Two indentations of esophagus?
Aortic Knob and Left Bronchi
108
Name the two sphincters of the esophagus?
Pharyngoesophageal sphincter, gastroesophageal sphincter.
109
Rhythmic contraction of food down the digestive walls?
Peristalsis.
110
Alternative name for stomach?
Gaster
111
Collapsable reservoir for food?
Stomach
112
2 openings of the stomach?
Cardiac orifice, Pyloric Orifice.
113
Shape of stomach when empty?
J shaped
114
Persistaltic frequency?
3 to 4 waves per minute.
115
How long does the stomach take to empty?
2 to 6 hours.
116
Two sphincters of the stomach?
Cardiac sphicter, Pyloric Sphicter.
117
Alternative name for incisura angularis?
Angular notch
118
Alternative name for angular notch?
Incisura Angularis
119
Name the two stomach curvatures?
Greater and Lesser Curvature.
120
Which curvature is medially located?
Lesser Curvature
121
Which curvature is lateral?
Greater Curvature.
122
Three layers of the muscle?
Longitudinal, Circular and Oblique
123
Three parts of the stomach?
Fundus, Body and Pylorus.
124
Alternative name for rugae?
Gastric Folds
125
Alternative name for gastric folds?
Rugae
126
Name of the gastric glands in the stomach?
Pylorus gastric glands
127
What are the four types of stomachs?
Eutonic, Hypotonic, Cascade and Steerhorn.
128
Part of the stomach which lies above the cardiac opening?
Fundus
129
Located between the cardiac orifice and angular notch?
Body
130
Constructed area between the pyloric part of the stomach and the first or superior part of the duodenum?
Pylorus
131
Bubble of swallowed air in the stomach?
Gastric Bubble.
132
Folds that line the stomach?
Rugae
133
Cells that secrete mucus and prevents erosion of stomach.
Mucous Cells
134
Gland in the mucosal layer which secretes gastric juices?
Gastric Glands.
135
Mainly composed of pepsin and hydrochloric acid?
Gastric Juice
136
Digestive protein found in gastric juice?
Pepsin
137
Breaks down connective tissue of meat and activates gastric enzymes?
HCl
138
Peptide hormone which increases secretory activity of gastric glands?
Gastrin
139
Mixture of food and stomach acids?
Chyme
140
Sphincter that regulates the flow of food leaving the stomach?
Pyloric Sphicter.
141
When incisura angularis and pyloric canal are on the same level?
Eutonic
142
When incisura angularis is lower than pyloric canal?
Hypotonic
143
When incisura angularis is higher than the pyloric canal?
Steerhorn
144
When fundus is lower than the cardiac orifice?
Cascade
145
Most common body habitus?
Sthenic
146
Body is massive built with broad chests?
Hypersthenic
147
Stomach and galbladder are high and almost horizontal.
Hypersthenic
148
Chest cavity is narrow, diaphragm is low, gallbladder and stomach are also both near the midline.
Astthenic.
149
Slender build
Hyposthenic
150
Length of the small intestine?
20-23 feet
151
What supports the small intestine?
Fan shaped Mesentery
152
Parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
153
Duodenum means?
12 Fingers
154
Jejunum means
Empty
155
Ileum means?
Twisted
156
Duodenums length?
10 inches
157
C shaped path where head of pancreas lies?
Romance of the abdomen
158
Most fixed portion of the small intestine?
Duodenum.
159
Four parts of the duodenum?
Superior, Descending, Horizontal and Ascending.
160
Length of jejunum?
8 Feet
161
A suspensory ligament in the small intestine?
Angle of Treitz
162
Alternative name for angle of Treitz
Duodenojejunal Junction
163
Alternative name for Duodenojejunal Junction?
Angle of Treitz
164
The largest part of the small intestine?
Ileum
165
Length of Ileum
11 Feet
166
Extends from jejunum junction to the cecum?
Ileum
167
Opening between the terminal part of the ileum and the cecum?
Ileocecal Opening
168
Thickened layer of circular muscle at the ileocecal opening?
Ileocecal Sphicter
169
Lymph capilliaries within a villi?
Lacteals.
170
Microscopic finger like projections of the mucosal lining.
Villi
171
Each Villus contains?
Blood vessels and Lacteals
172
Also known as Peyer's Patches?
Aggregated Lymph Follicles
173
Also known as Aggregated Lymph Follicles?
Payer's Patch
174
Collection of lymphatic tissue in the mucosa of the small intestine?
Peyer's Patch
175
Part where most numerous amount of aggregated lymph follicles are found?
Terminal Ileum
176
Single follicles of lymphatic tissue, also found in the lining of the small intestine?
Solitary Lymph Follicles
177
Located between bases of the villi?
Intestinal Glands
178
What are the layers of the small intestine?
Serosa, Muscularis, Submucosa, Mucosa
179
Layer of the intestine that releases serous fluild?
serosa
180
Function of intestinal serous fluid?
Keep intestine moist
181
Layer of the small intestine with longitudinal and inner circular layer of muscles?
Muscularis
182
Layer of the small intestine with loose connective tissue that is made of blood vessels and nerves?
Submuscosa
183
Layer of the small intestine that contains mucous membrane as well as digestive glands?
Mucosa
184
Where does fat get absorbed in the small intestine?
Lacteals
185
Length of the large intestine?
5 feet
186
Site for final absorption of water, and electrolytes from chyme?
Large intestine
187
Stores feces
Large Intestine
188
Produces Vitamin K and Vitamin D
Large Intestine
189
Segments of the large intestine?
Cecum, Colon, Rectum and Anal Canal
190
Dilated pouch like structure of the large intestine that hangs below the ileocecal opening?
Cecum
191
Houses the Vermiform Appendix?
Cecum
192
The Vermiform appendix is located in what quadrant?
Right lower quadrant
193
An appendage of the cecum with a hollow pencil like structure?
Vermiform appendix
194
Parts of the colon?
Ascending, Transverse, Descending and Sigmoid
195
Part of the colon that travels upwards?
Ascending Colon
196
2 Flexures of the colon?
Right Colic Flexure and Left Colic Flexure
197
Alternative names for the 2 flexures?
Hepatic and Splenic Flexure
198
Part of the colon that is almost horizontal?
Transverse colon
199
Longest most moveable part of the large intestine?
Transverse Colon
200
Part of the colon that goes down?
Descending Colon
201
S shaped part of the colon?
Sigmoid Colon
202
Length of the rectum?
4 to 5 inches
203
2 parts of the rectum?
Houston Valve and Rectal Column
204
Length of Anal canal?
2.5-4 cm
205
Parts of the Anal Canal?
Internal Anal Sphincter, External Anal Sphincter and Anus
206
Three bands of muscle fibers that pass lengthwise along the large intestine?
Teniae Coli
207
Saclike pouches in the wall of the large intestine created because of the puckering of the teniae coli?
Haustra
208
Lining membrane which secretes mucous in the large intestine?
Mucous Glands
209
Secretion of the large intestine?
Mucus
210
Function of mucus in large intestine?
pH Control, Binds Feces
211
Intestinal flora which breaks down some molecules?
Escherichia Coli
212
Name for intestinal gas?
Flatus
213
Determines the relative size, shape position, muscular tone and mobility of all organs?
Body Habitus
214
Two organs most affected by body habitus?
Stomach and Gallbladder
215
Two types of nutrients?
Micronutrients and Macronutrients
216
Parts of the pancreas?
Head, Body and Tail of the Pancreas.
217
Pancreatic cells which produce pancreatic juice?
Pancreatic Acinar Cells?
218
Mixture of digestive enzymes such as pancreatic amylase, trypsin and pancreatic lipas?
Pancreatic Juices
219
Some pancreatic enzymes?
Pancreatic Amylase, Trypsin, Pancreatic Lipase
220
Pancreatic enzyme which digests stach?
Pancreatic Amylase
221
Pancreatic enzyme which digests proteins?
Trypsin
222
Pancreatic enzyme which digests fat?
Pancreatic Lipase
223
Hollow tube that extends from tail through the body and head, and joins the common bile duct before the duodenum?
Pancreatic Duct.
224
Largest solid organ of the body?
Liver
225
Heaviest organ of the body?
Liver
226
Weight of liver?
3 Pounds
227
Coat of the liver?
Glisson's Capsule
228
How many lobules make up the liber?
100000.0
229
Structural and functional unit of the liver?
Lobules
230
Located between the lobules?
Triads
231
Traids are composed of?
Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein, Bile Duct
232
Brings oxygenated blood to the liver?
Hepatic Artery
233
Brings nutrients from the intestines to liver?
Hepatic Portal Vein
234
Takes bile away from liver?
Bile duct
235
Two major divisions of the liver?
Right and Left Lobe
236
Two minor lobes of the liver?
Caudate and Quadrate Lobe
237
Which lobe of the liver is larger?
Right lobe
238
What separates the lobes of the liver?
Falciform Ligament
239
A large phagocytic macrophages that remove bacteria or foreign particles that enter the blood in the portal vein.
Kuppfer Cells
240
Acts as the gatekeeper to the blood removing poisonous substances and stores glucose as glycogen?
Liver
241
What is stored in the liver?
Glycogen
242
Produces urea for breakdown of amino acids?
Liver
243
Produces bile which emulsifies fat in small intestine?
Liver
244
Emulsifies fat in small intestine
Bile
245
Stores iron, vitamin A, D, E and K
Liver
246
What cells secret bile in the liver?
Hepatic Cells
247
Composition of bile?
Water, Bile Salts, Bile Pigments, Cholesterol and Electrolytes
248
Two bile pigments
Bilirubin and Biliverdin
249
Function of Bile Pigments?
Breakdown products of hemoglobin.
250
Most abundant and only digestive substance in bile?
Bile Salts
251
Process of breaking fat globules into smaller droplets?
Emulsification
252
Muscular sac attached to liver, pear shaped?
Gallbladder
253
Function of gallbladder?
Stores Bile
254
Parts of Gallbladder?
Fundus, Body and Neck
255
Gallbladder shapes
Bilobed, Phygian Cap and Hourglass
256
A hormone responsible for the contraction of the gallbladder?
Cholecystokinin
257
Hormone that stimulates the production of bile?
Secretin
258
How bile exits liver?
Left or right hepatic duct
259
Name the two bile ducts of liver?
Right and Left Hepatic Duct
260
Right and Left Hepatic Duct join to form the?
Common Hepatic Duct
261
Bile is carried in and out of the gallbladder via?
Cystic Duct
262
Duct which brings bile to the duodenum?
Common Bile Duct
263
Pancreatic duct is also known as?
Duct of Wirsung
264
Duct of Wirsung connects to?
Common Bile Duct
265
Common exit of bile and pancreatic juices?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
266
Alternative name for hepatopancreatic Ampulla
Ampulla of Vater
267
Alternative name for the Ampulla of Vater?
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
268
Contains circular muscle fibers near the terminal opening of the ampulla of vater?
Hepatopancreatic Sphicter
269
Alternative name for the hepatopancreatic Sphincter?
Sphincter of Oddi
270
Alternative name for the Sphicter of Oddi?
Hepatopancreatic Sphincter
271
Alternative name for Feces?
Stool
272
Materials that were not digested?
Feces
273
Water make up of Feces
70-75%
274
Color of feces is dependent on
Bile pigments
275
Largest gland in the body?
Liver
276
Second largest organ?
Liver
