Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
Cells that line glands?
A
Epithelial cells
2
Q
Extract raw materials from capillaries and secret substances.
A
Glands
3
Q
Two types of glands
A
- Endocrine
* Exocrine
4
Q
Glands that have ducts where secretions are discharged.
A
Exocrine glands
5
Q
Glands that have no ducts, discharge secretions directly into the blood.
A
Endocrine glands
6
Q
Secretions of endocrine glands?
A
Hormones
7
Q
Have 2 distinct parts, each secreting its own hormones?
A
Double glands
8
Q
Glands that have an endocrine and exocrine portion?
A
Mixed glands.
9
Q
Glands that secrete more than one hormone?
A
Glands with multiple functions
10
Q
Hormones secreted by one gland may stimulate other glands.
A
Interrelationship of Glands
11
Q
A chemical that influences or controls the activity of a specific tissue or organ?
A
Hormones
12
Q
Greek word for hormone?
A
Hormon
13
Q
Meaning of hormon?
A
To set into motion.
14
Q
Where are hormones secreted?
A
Blood stream via capillaries.
15
Q
Two types of hormones?
A
- Amino acid Base
* Steroid Base
16
Q
Pass through plasma membrane and bind to receptors present in the cytoplasm?
A
Steroid hormones
17
Q
Hormone that requires a primary and secondary messenger?
A
Amino acid base hormone
18
Q
Adaptive response that dampens or cancels the change brought by stimulus.
A
Negative feedback
19
Q
List the glands of the endocrine system
A
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid glad
- Parathyroid gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal gland
- Gonads
20
Q
Other name for pituitary glands?
A
Hypophysis
21
Q
Organ that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus?
A
Pituitary gland
22
Q
Where does the pituitary gland hang from?
A
Hypothalamus
23
Q
Short stalk that supports the pituitary gland?
A
Infundibulum
24
Q
Protects and houses the pituitary gland?
A
Sella Turcica
25
Diameter of pituitary gland?
1.2 cm
26
Known as the master gland of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
27
The part that controls the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
28
Regions of the pituitary gland?
* Anterior pituitary gland
| * Posterior pituitary gland
29
Alternative name for posterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
30
Hormones stored by the posterior pituitary gland?
* Oxytocin
| * Antidiuretic Hormone
31
Where is oxytocin and ADH produced?
Hypothalamus
32
Target tissue of oxytocin?
Uterus.
33
Increase contractions during labor, also stimulates release of milk.
Oxytocin
34
Alternative name for vasopressin.
Antidiuretic hormone
35
Target tissue of antidiuretic hormone?
Kidney
36
Stimulates the reabsorption of water from renal tubules, decreasing urinary output.
Antidiuretic hormones
37
Inability to produce ADH results in?
Diabetes insipidus
38
Alternative name for anterior pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis
39
Produce trophic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to perform their function.
Anterior pituitary gland
40
Type of hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate other endocrine glands to perform their functions?
Trophic hormones
41
Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Gonadotropic hormone Prolactin Melanocyte stimulating hormone
42
Alternative name for growth hormone?
Somatotropin.
43
Hormone that stimulates growth of bones, muscles and organs?
Growth hormone
44
Target tissue of somatotropin?
Most cells
45
Effect of too much somatotropin?
Gigantism
46
Effect of too little somatotropin?
Pituitary dwarfism
47
alternative name for thyroid stimulating hormone?
Thyrotropin
48
Target tissue of thyrotropin?
Thyroid gland
49
Hormone that stimulates the growth of the thyroid and regulates the thyroid gland secretion?
Thyrotropin
50
Target tissue of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Adrenal cortex
51
Hormone that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete its hormones?
Adrenocorticotropic.
52
Hormone produced after childbirth that initiates and maintains milk production ?
Prolactin
53
Two hormones that fall under gonadotropic hormones?
* Luteinizing hormones
| * Follicle Stimulating hormones
54
Target tissue of prolactin?
Mammary glands
55
Target tissue of luteinizing hormones in females?
Ovary
56
Responsible for ovulation and stimulates the follicle to develop into corpus luteum?
Female luteinizing hormones?
57
Hormone that stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone?
Male Luteinizing hormone
58
Hormone that stimulates the formation of melanin pigment?
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
59
Target cells of melanocyte?
Melanocyte stimulating hormones
60
What controls the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
61
Organ located between the thalamus, near the lower walls of the third ventricle of the brain?
Hypothalamus
62
Part of the brain that helps regulate the body's internal environment?
Hypothalamus
63
Controls the anterior pituitary gland, aids in the production of hypothalamic-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones?
Hypothalamus
64
What are the two types hypothalamic hormones?
* Releasing Factors
| * Inhibiting Factors
65
What are the releasing factors of the hypothalamus?
* Thyroid Releasing Hormones
* Corticotropin Releasing Hormones
* Prolactin Releasing Hormones
* Gonadotropin Releasing Hormones
* Somatotropin Releasing Hormones
66
What are the inhibiting factors of the hypothalamus?
* Prolactin Inhibiting Factor
| * Somatotropin Inhibiting Factor
67
Located in the front and sides of the trachea below the larynx?
Thyroid gland
68
Consists of two lobes, left and right with a middle piece called the isthmus?
Thyroid gland
69
Mid piece of the thyroid gland?
Isthmus
70
Structural unit of the thyroid gland?
Thyroid Follicle
71
What are the hormones produced by the thyroid follicle?
T4 and T3
72
What is T4 produced by the thyroid follicles?
Thyroxine
73
What is T3 produced by the thyroid follicles?
Triiodothyronine.
74
Regulates energy production and protein synthesis?
T3 and T4 of thyroid.
75
Chemical element necessary for the synthesis of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine?
Iodine
76
Result of hypertrophy of thyroid gland?
Simple goiter.
77
Target tissue of calcitonin?
Bones
78
Secreted when blood Ca levels are high, increases the buildup of bones?
Calcitonin.
79
State of having high blood calcium levels?
Hypercalcemia.
80
How many parathyroid glands are there?
4.0
81
Where are the parathyroid glands?
Posterior to thyroid glands.
82
Two lobes of the thyroid gland?
Left and Right Lobe
83
Hormones produced by the parathyroid glands?
Parathyroid hormones
84
Acts as an antagonist to calcitonin, causes calcium levels in blood to increase, while phosphate decreases by promoting bone breakdown and calcium retention?
Parathyroid hormone
85
Target tissue of parathyroid hormones?
Bones, Kidneys, small intestines
86
What organ increases calcium absorption when parathyroid hormones are released?
Small intestines.
87
State of low blood calcium?
Hypocalcemia
88
An organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions found near the duodenum?
Pancreas
89
Exocrine function of the pancreas?
Manufactures pancreatic juice
90
Endocrine function of pancreas?
Produce glucagon and insulin.
91
What cells in the pancreas produce hormones?
Islets of Langerhans
92
Two cells found in the Islets of Langerhans?
Alpha and Beta Cells
93
Alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
94
Beta cells produce?
Insulin
95
Hormone released by the pancreas when blood is low?
Glucagon
96
Glucagon breaks down what?
Glycogen into glucose.
97
Target cell of glucagon?
Liver
98
State of having low blood sugar?
Hypoglycemia
99
Released when blood levels of glucose are high?
Insulin
100
Target tissue of insulin?
Liver, skeletal muscles, adipose tissue
101
Insulin does what?
Promotes use of glucose
102
State of high blood glucose?
Hyperglycemia
103
Disease with too little insulin?
Diabetes Mellitus
104
Insulin dependent diabetes type?
Type 1
105
Insulin independent diabetes type?
Type 2
106
Gland found on top of the kidneys?
Adrenal glands
107
Parts of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex
108
The adrenal medulla secretes what hormones?
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
109
Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?
* Mineralcorticoids
| * Glucocorticoids
110
Alternative name of epinephrine?
Adrenalin
111
Alternative to adrenalin?
Epinephrine.
112
Alternative name for norepinephrine?
Noradrenalin
113
Alternative name for noradrenalin?
Norepinephrine
114
Target tissue of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Heart, Blood vessels, Liver, Fat
115
Most abundant mineralocorticoids?
Aldosterone
116
Target tissue of aldosterone?
Kidneys
117
Hormone that causes Na and H2O to be retained and K to be secreted by the kidneys?
Aldosterone
118
Stimulates the release of aldosterone?
Sodium Deficiency, dehydration or elevated blood potassium.
119
Cortisol is what type of hormone?
Glucocorticoid
120
Increases the breakdown of fat and protein for energy use, also reduces inflammatory and immune response?
Cortisol
121
Hormone which inhibits the secretion of FSH
Inhibin
122
Inhibin in the testicles is produced where?
Sustentacular cells
123
Located at the back of the third ventricle of the brain?
Pineal Gland
124
Gland that produces melatonin?
Pineal Gland
125
What hormone does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin
126
Hormone which controls puberty and circadian rhythm?
Melatonin
127
What external factor affects melatonin?
Light
128
Other hormone producing organs?
Stomach Kidney Placenta Small Intestine
129
Hormone released by the stomach?
Gastrin
130
Hormone released by the kidney?
Erythropoietin
131
Hormones released by the placenta?
CRH and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
132
Hormones released by the small intestines?
Secretin Cholecystokinin Pancreozymin
133
Hormone produced by the thymus?
Thymosin
134
Hormone that promotes the immune system development and function?
Thymosin
