Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Master controlling and communicating system of the body.
A
Nervous system
2
Q
Means of communicating with the cells of the body in the nervous system?
A
Electrical impulses
3
Q
3 Overlapping roles of the nervous system?
A
- Sensory Input
- Integration
- Motor Output
4
Q
Allows motor output or movement?
A
Motor Output
5
Q
Performs integration between the remaining body systems and collects the input it receives?
A
Integration
6
Q
Made possible by receptors in the skin and organs?
A
Sensory input
7
Q
Two classifications of the nervous system?
A
- Structural Classification
* Functional Classification
8
Q
Divisions of the structural classification?
A
- Central Nervous
- System Peripheral
- Nervous System
9
Q
Divisions of the functional classification?
A
- Sensory Division
* Motor Division
10
Q
Alternative name for sensory division?
A
Afferent division
11
Q
Alternative name for motor division?
A
Efferent division
12
Q
Two types of cells that make up the nervous system?
A
- Nerons
* Neuroglia
13
Q
Basic functional units of nervous system which conduct nerve impulses?
A
Neurons
14
Q
Conduct nerve impulses?
A
Neurons
15
Q
Supporting cells which protect and maintain neurons?
A
Neuroglia
16
Q
Alternative name for neuroglia?
A
Glial cells
17
Q
Fill spaces, provide structural framework, produce the fatty lipoprotein and carry phagocytsosis in the nervous system?
A
Glial Cells
18
Q
Fatty protective wrapping around axons that serve as an insulator?
A
Myelin
19
Q
Types of neuroglial cells in the CNS
A
- Microglial Cells
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal Cells
20
Q
Neuroglial cells in the PNS
A
Schwann Cells
21
Q
Neuroglial cell which is star shaped and forms the blood brain barrier?
A
Astrocytes
22
Q
Most abundant neuroglial cell?
A
Astrocytes
23
Q
Glial cell which produces and circulates the cerebrospinal fluid?
A
Ependymal Cells
24
Q
What does Ependymal cells produce?
A
Cerebrospinal fluid
25
Neuroglial cell which helps remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS
Microglia
26
Neuroglial cells which producr myelin sheaths in CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
27
Neuroglial cells which produce myelin sheaths in PNS?
Schwann Cells
28
Alternative name for neuron?
Nerve Fiber
29
Nerve cell that transmits information in a form of electromechanical changes called nerve impulses?
Neuron
30
A form of electromechanical changes which stimulate neurons?
Nerve impulses.
31
Parts of a neuron?
Dendrites Cell Body Axon
32
Alternative name for neuron cell body?
Soma
33
Receive information from other neurons and transmit impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrites
34
Contains the nucleus, receives the information and sends it to the axon?
Soma
35
Conducts impulses away from the cell body to other cells?
Axon
36
Portion of schwann cells which surround the myelin sheath?
Neurilemma
37
Alternative name for neurilemma?
* Neurilemmal sheath
| * Sheath of Schwann
38
Necessary for the regeneration of the peripheral nerves.
Neurilemma
39
Narrow gaps between Schwann cells?
Nodes of Ranvier
40
Axons with myelin sheaths?
Myelinated
41
Form white matter in the CNS?
Myelinated
42
Axons without myelin sheaths?
Unmyelinated
43
Form gray matter in the CNS?
Unmyelinated
44
3 classifications of neurons?
* Multipolar Neurons
* Bipolar Neurons
* Unipolar Neurons
45
Group of nerve cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord?
Ganglia
46
Functional Classification of neurons?
* Sensory Neurons
* Interneurons
* Motor Neurons
47
Alternative name for sensory neurons?
Afferent neurons
48
Neurons which carry impulses from receptors to CNS?
Sensory Neurons
49
Neurons found only in the CNS, act as interpreters between afferent and efferent nerves?
Interneurons
50
Alternative name for interneurons?
* Association neurons
| * Internuncial Neurons
51
Neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors?
Motor Neurons
52
Aggregated cell bodies of interneurons located within the CNS forming one nerve or a single tract?
Nuclei
53
When neuron is not carrying an electrical impulse?
Polarization
54
Carriers in the axon membrane that propel sodium out of the axon and potassium into the axon?
Sodium Potassium pump
55
Neuron membrane has a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside?
Polarization
56
Neuron membrane becomes very permiable to sodium ions, causing a depolarization of the cell?
Depolarization
57
Junction between any two communicating neurons?
Synapse
58
Parts of a synapse?
* Presynaptic Terminal
* Synaptic Cleft
* Postsynaptic Membrane of another Neuron
59
Space between two cells forming a synapse?
Synaptic Cleft
60
Process of crossing the synaptic cleft which usually is a one way process carried out by neutrotransmitters?
Synaptic Transmission
61
Biochemicals which undergo synaptic transmission?
Neurotransmitters
62
Neuron carrying the impulse into the synapse?
Presynaptic Neuron
63
Neuron that receives the input at the synapse?
Postsynaptic neurons
64
Located at the distal ends of the axons which contain membranous sacs called synaptic vesicles?
Synaptic knobs
65
Membranous sacs at the distal ends of the axons at the synaptic knobs?
Synaptic vesicles
66
Membranous sacs that release neurotransmitters?
Synaptic Vesicles
67
How many neurotransmitters have been identified?
about 50
68
Cheif neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
69
Neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle actions?
Acetylcholine
70
Neurotransmitter that creates a sense of feeling good?
* Norepinephrine
| * Dopamine
71
Neurotransmitter that leads to sleepiness?
Serotonin
72
Bundle of peripheral neuron fibers that is surrounded by connective tissue?
Nerves
73
Contain long fibers of sensory neurons?
Sensory nerves
74
Made up of only long axons of motor neurons?
Motor Neurons
75
Fibers that are long chains of both sensory and motor neurons?
Mixed nerves
76
Automatic subconscious responses to change within or outside the body?
Reflexes
77
A pathway that nerve impulses travel when a reflex is elicited?
Reflex arc
78
Five essential parts of the reflex arc?
* Sensory receptors
* Sensory neurons
* Interneurons
* Motor Neurons
* Effectors
79
Part of the reflex arc which detects stimulus?
Sensory receptors
80
Part of the reflex arc which transmits impulses from receptors to CNS?
Sensory neurons
81
Part of the reflex arc which is located in the CNS and process stimulus?
Interneurons
82
Part of the reflex arc which transmits impulses from CNS to effector?
Motor neurons
83
Part of the reflex arc which perform its characteristic reflex?
Effector
84
Alternative name to knee jerk reflex?
Patellar tendon reflex
85
Reflex which helps maintain upright posture, stricking the patellar ligament initiates this relex?
Knee jerk reflex
86
Reflex that occurs when a person unexpectedly touches a body part to something painful?
Withdrawal reflex
87
Alternative name for withdrawal reflex?
Flexor reflex
88
Parts of the central nervous system?
Brain Spinal Cord
89
Layered membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
90
Layers of the meninges?
* Dura Matter
* Arachnoid
* Matter Pia Mater
91
Parts of the meningeal space?
* Epidural Space
* Subdural Space
* Subarachnoid Space
92
Found between dura matter and skull/vertebral wall?
Epidural space
93
Found between dura matter and arachnoid matter?
Subdural space
94
Found between arachnoid and pia mater?
Subarachnoid space
95
Extensions of the dura matter?
* Falx Cerebri
* Falx Cerebelli
* Tentorium Cerebelli
96
Double layer of dura matter which separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
Falx cerebri
97
Double layer of the dura mater which separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?
Falx cerebelli
98
Double layer of dura mater which separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
99
Clear colourless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries?
Cerebrospinal fluid
100
Total volume of cerebrospinal fluid?
80-150 mL
101
What secrets cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid Plexuses
102
How does cerebrospinal fluid contribute to homeostasis
* Mechanical Protection
* Chemical Protection
* Circulation
103
Cavity Filled with cerebrospinal fluid within the brain?
Ventricles
104
Ventricle located in each hemisphere?
Right and left Ventricle
105
Narrow ventricle cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the brain?
Third ventricle
106
Ventricle that lies between the brain steam and the cerebellum
Fourth ventricle
107
The third and fourth ventricle is bound together by?
Cerebral aqueduct
108
Other name for cerebral aqueduct?
Aqueduct of Sylvius
109
Number of multipolar neurons in the brain?
100 billion
110
Weight of brain?
1.3 kg
111
4 major parts of the brain?
* Cerebrum
* Cerebellum
* Diencephalion
* Brainstem
112
Largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
113
Little brain
Cerebellum
114
Part of the brain superior to the brain step?
Diencephalon
115
Part of the brain that extends down the spinal cord?
Brain stem
116
Known as the seat of intelligence?
Cerebrum
117
Largest and most superior part of the brain?
Cerebrum
118
Area of the brain responsible for consciousness
Cerebrum
119
The outer layer of the cerebrum is called?
Cortex
120
Divisions of the cerebrum?
Left and right hemisphere
121
Separate the left and right hemisphere?
Longitudinal fissure
122
Hemisphere of the brain which controls the right side of the body?
Left hemisphere
123
Hemisphere responsible for math, analytics and speech.
Left hemisphere
124
Hemisphere which controls the left side of the body?
Right hemisphere
125
Hemisphere responsible for music, art and abstract ideas?
Right hemisphere
126
Connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain?
Corpus callosum
127
Make up the diencephalon?
Thalamus Hypothalamus
128
Ridges located at the surface of the cerebrum separated by grooves?
Convolutions
129
Other name for convolutions of the cerebrum?
Gyri
130
Shallow grooves separating gyri in the brain?
Sulcus
131
Divides parts of the brain into lobes?
Sulcus
132
Deep grooves which divide the brain?
Fissures
133
Two fissures in the brain?
* Longitudinal fissure
| * Transverse fissure
134
Part of the brain which controls voluntary motor function, aggression, moods and smell?
Frontal lobe
135
Part of the brain which evaluates sensory input?
Parietal lobe
136
Part of the brain which is associated with hearing, smell and memory?
Temporal
137
Part of the brain associated with vision?
Occipital
138
Part of the brain which is involved in rage, pain, pleasure and sorrow?
Limbic system
139
Part of the brain below the cerebrum?
Cerebellum
140
Where does the brain stem and cerebellum divide?
4th ventricle
141
Means little brain?
Cerebellum
142
Part of the brain which controls balance, body position, muscle tone, coordination of fine motor movements?
Cerebellum
143
Part of the brain located between the brainstem and cerebrum?
Diencephalon
144
Part of the brain which maintains homeostasis and regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure?
Hypothalamus
145
Part of the brain which acts as a central relay station for sensory impulses and the last part of the brain for sensory input before reaching the cerebrum?
Thalamus
146
Part of the brain which receives all impulses and forwards them to corresponding regions of the cortex for interpretation?
Thalamus
147
Bundle of connective tissue that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord?
Brainstem
148
Components of the brainstem?
* Midbrain
* Pons
* Medulla Oblongata
149
How many segments of spinal nerves make up the spinal cord?
31.0
150
Two functions of spinal cord?
Location of reflex arc (thousands)
151
Slender nerve column that passes downward from the brain into the vertebral column?
Spinal cord
152
Length of spinal cord?
40-45 cm
153
Lies between the spinal cord and the pons, infront of cerebellum?
Medulla oblongata
154
Location of a large number of centers controlling heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure and home to reflex center?
Medulla oblongata
155
Latin word for bridge?
Pons
156
Assists the medulla oblongata in regulating breathing rate?
Pons
157
Contains reflex stations for visual, auditory and tactile repsonse?
Midbrain
158
Home of the reflex centers?
Medulla oblongata
159
Distal tapered ending of the spinal cord at the lower end of L1?
Conus medullaris
160
Where does the conus medullaris end?
L1
161
Latin word for horse tail?
Cauda equina
162
Collection of nerve fibers located at the end of the spinal column?
Cauda equina
163
Consists of all neurons outside the brain and spinal cord?
Peripheral nervous system
164
Collects input from the different sources an relays the input to the central nervous system and performs action?
Peripheral nervous system
165
Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic Autonomic
166
Consists of the cranial and spinal nerves that connect the central nervous system to the skin and skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
167
Part of the peripheral nervous system which oversees conscious activities?
Somatic nervous system
168
Initiates nerve impulses after interactions with external stimuli
Receptors
169
Bring about a reaction to the stimuli?
Effectors
170
Barrier that separated the parenchyma of the central nervous system from blood?
Blood brain barrier
171
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
172
Enumerate the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglosal
173
Mnemonic for cranial nerves?
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel a Very Good Vagina A Heaven!
174
Cranial nerve in charge of the sense of smell?
Olfactory nerve
175
Cranial nerve in charge of vision?
Optic nerve
176
Cranial nerve in charge of movement of eyeball and eyelid?
Oculomotor Nerve
177
Smallest of all cranial nerves?
Trochlear nerve
178
Cranial nerve in charge of movement of eyeball?
Trochlear nerve
179
Largest of all the optic nerves?
Trigeminal nerve
180
Three branches of trigeminal nerve?
* Opthalmic
* maxillary
* mandibular
181
Cranial nerve in charge of mastication?
Trigeminal nerve
182
Cranial nerve in charge of muscles of the eye?
Abducens nerve
183
Cranial nerve in charge of facial expressions?
Facial nerves
184
Cranial nerve in charge of hearing?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
185
Former names of vestibulocochlear nerve?
* Acoustic nerve
| * Auditory nerve
186
Two branches of vestibulocochlear nerve?
Vestibular Cochlear
187
Cranial nerve in charge of taste and swallowing?
Glossopharyngeal nerve?
188
Cranial nerve in charge of coughing and voice production?
Vagus nerve
189
Also known as the wandering nerve?
Vagus nerve
190
The vagus nerve is also known as?
Wandering nerve
191
Cranial nerve in charge of mediating movement of the head and shoulders?
Accessory nerve
192
Cranial nerve in charge of speech and swallowing?
Hypoglossal nerve
193
Two branches of nerves from spinal cord?
Dorsal and ventral roots
194
Area of skin supplied by a single root of neve?
Dermatomes
195
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31.0
196
How many cervical nerves are there?
8 pairs
197
How many thoracic nerves are there?
12 pairs
198
How many lumbar nerves are there?
5 pairs
199
How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?
5 pairs
200
How many coccygeal nerves are there?
1 pair
201
Part of the peripheral nervous system in charge of involuntary and automatic functions?
Autonomic nervous system
202
How many cells are utilise by autonomic nerve impulses?
2 motor neurons and one ganglion
203
Two divisions of autonomic nervous system?
* Sympathetic division
| * Parasympathetic division
204
Division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for fight of flight response?
Sympathetic division
205
Division of the autonomic nervous system which is most active under ordinary, restful conditions. Counter balances the sympathetic division.
Parasympathetic division.
