Category A: Nutrition--DONE Flashcards
(333 cards)
1
Q
How much water will a 1000 pound horse drink per day?
A
6-12 gallons.
2
Q
In extremely cold weather, which will produce more body heat when eaten, hay or grain?
A
Hay produces more heat.
3
Q
What is the most important factor affecting the quality of a forage at the time of harvesting?
A
Stage of maturity.
4
Q
What are the 2 basic classifications of forages?
A
Legumes and grasses.
5
Q
What is the most common method used to process forages?
A
Baling.
6
Q
What is the oldest & most common method of selecting hay?
A
Visual appraisal.
7
Q
What is the most economical source off supplemental protein?
A
Soybean meal.
8
Q
What are the 2 most important dietary energy components in feeds?
A
Fats & carbohydrates.
9
Q
What is the most commonly cubed forage?
A
Alfalfa.
10
Q
What is the device used to collect samples for analysis is baled hay?
A
Bale probe or bale core.
11
Q
How much water will a 1000 pound horse drink per day?
A
10-12 gallons.
12
Q
What is the deficient amino acid in hays and grains?
A
Lysine.
13
Q
Typically horses receive nutrients from what 3 general sources?
A
Hay, Pastures & Grains.
14
Q
Which feed is used extensively in diets for horses that have respiratory problems such as heaves?
A
Beet pulp.
15
Q
What is possibly the simplest and least expensive dry method of processing grain?
A
Grinding.
16
Q
Which nutrients are usually considered to be the body’s fuel?
A
Energy nutrients( fats and carbs).
17
Q
Describe the color of a good quality hay.
A
Bright, leafy, green.
18
Q
Where is most of the nutrient value found in hay?
A
Leaves.
19
Q
What is the most readily available grain in most sections of the country?
A
Corn.
20
Q
What type hay is the best type of hay for horses?
A
Good quality grass-legume mixed hay.
21
Q
Which hays tend to be the least dusty?
A
Good grass hays.
22
Q
What are the two basic types of forages?
A
Grasses and legumes.
23
Q
Name the two minerals that the horse relies on most heavily for bone formation.
A
Calcium and phosphorus.
24
Q
Name the two basic classifications of forages.
A
Legumes and grasses.
25
Name two ways that barley and milo should be processed before using them in a horse feed.
Crimped or rolled.
26
Pelleting horse feed can reduce the storage space requirements by how much?
Up to 75%.
27
How much more digestible energy is contained in grains than hays?
Grains have 50-60% more.
28
Lysine is a type of what nutrient?
Protein (amino acid)
29
Lysine is a type of what nutrient
Protein (amino acid)
30
Name two disadvantages of feeding straight oats for grain
Cost per unit of energy and variations in quality
31
Which feed by-product is made by drying the residual beet chips after the sugar has been extracted
Beet pulp
32
If you put extruded and pelleted feed each in a separate container of equal volume which would weigh more
Pelleted feeds may weigh twice as much as extruded feeds
33
In feeding management what is the wicking effect
Uptake of ground moisture into a bale of hay
34
What nutrients are harder for an older horse to digest
Fiber
35
What are five forms of harvested forages
Square bales, round bales, hay cubes, chopped hay, pelleted hay and silage
36
how can the likelihood of blister beetle poisoning be reduced when feeding alfalfa hay from the southwest
feed early season first cutting alfalfa
37
how many mineral elements are required in diets of horses
twenty one
38
what percentage of protein should be in a suckling foals creep feed
sixteen to eighteen percent protein
39
how much concentrate can be fed at one time
never more than 0.75 of the horses body weight
40
what is quidding
dropping partially chewed feed from the mouth
41
which nutrient is commonly involved as a cofactors for the enzymes that convert fat and carbohydrates into energy
vitamins
42
feral and other free ranging horses will spend how long grazing per day in good forage
ten to twelve hours
43
what is the form of stored fuel for exercise of high intensity and short duration
glycogen
44
what is the primary site for digestion and absorption of fats
small intestines
45
what is the average weight of a small bale of hay
40-80 pounds
46
what is the maximum amount of concentrates that should be fed at any one feeding
no more than.75 of a horses body weight
47
how many different minerals are required in the diet of horses and what are the 2 classifications of them
21 different minerals classified as micro and macro (major) minerals
48
what class of nutrients do thiamine, riboflavin, and folic acid belong to
vitamins
49
which nutrient is an important structural component for muscle tissue, growth, and tissue maintenance
proteins
50
what is the term for the units of measure that describes the amount of energy needed by a horse and is equal to 1000 calories
mega calories
51
there are considerable differences in density among horse feeds. therefore, feeding should not be by volume but by what method
feed by weight
52
when does a pregnant mare have the greatest nutritional requirements
during the third trimester of her gestation period
53
what are the organic compounds required in small amounts for the normal functioning of the body that are classified as water soluble and fat soluble
vitamins
54
what is a by-product of sucrose refined from sugar cane, sugar beets or from the manufacture of dried citrus pulp
molasses
55
what are the 21 different elements found in organic ash of feeds after burning off the organic matter
minerals
56
what are oat groats
oats with the hulls removed
57
if the percentage of protein in the form of lysine is higher in animal products such as dried skim milk and fish meal why is soybean meal more commonly used
soybean meal is less expensive
58
do most grains have more calcium than phosphorus
6-8 times more phosphorus
59
which type of hay should not be fed to horses with kidney problems
alfalfa
60
what are the 2 classifications of amino acids
essential and non-essential
61
When buying or selling and using a hay analysis report, what factor should be a prime consideration
RFV (relative feeding value)
62
grain processing may be roughly divided into 2 catagories, name them
dry processing and wet procssing
63
What is the primary objective of most grain processing methods
to improve the availability of starch
64
what factor is determined by the amount of seed heads of grasses and the flowers of legumes present at the time of harvest
stage of maturity
65
what part of alfalfa provides the mast nutrition
its leaves
66
what percent of fat in the diet can a horse tolerate and use for energy
10-15%
67
what method of processing feeds forces ground feed through a die under pressure and steam and heat produces a feed that has the consistency of dry dog food
extruded
68
name 2 grains that must be processed before feeding
Rye, milo, barley, and wheat.
69
name a way feed might be processed to aid in digestion for older horses or horses with poor teeth
ground, crimped, or pelleted
70
what are the 5 types of nutrients
water, energy, vitamins, minerals, protien
71
how much of the adult horses body is made up of water
65-85%
72
how much of the foals body is made up of water
75-80%
73
a loss of what percent of the bodies total water content can be fatal
12-15%
74
fresh green pasture contains about how much water
75%
75
how long can a horse live without water
a few days
76
how long can a horse live without food
a few weeks
77
feeds that are low in fiber and high in TDN are called what
concentrates
78
feeds that are high in fiber and low in TDN are called what
forages
79
what is the general term for the less digestible form of carbohydrates found in foodstuffs
Fiber
80
what is the complex compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which mainly supply building material for the body
protiens
81
What is the term for the part of each nutrient which is digested, taken into the body and used?
Digestible nutrient
82
what is the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which mainly supply energy to the body
carbohydrates
83
what is the term for the entire feed allowed to an animal during a 24 hour day whether it is all given at 1 time or at different times
ration
84
what is the term for a ration that contains all of the digestible nutrients that will properly nourish an animal for 24 hours
balanced ration
85
what is the term for a ration that furnishes just enough of each of the nutrients required to support an animal which is doing no work and yielding no product so that it will neither gain nor lose weight
maintenance ration
86
what is the sum of the digestible protein, digestible carbohydrates and digestible fat
TDN
87
what is the term for that which is left in a feed sample after the water has been removed
dry matter
88
what is the term for the minerals that are needed in very small amounts for the normal function of the body
trace minerals
89
what do the initials,CHO stand for in regards to nutrients
carbohydrates
90
which of the nutrients is the primary energy nutrient
carbohydrates
91
name 2 examples of simple carbohydrates
sugars and starches
92
name a complex carbohydrate
cellulose
93
which type of carbohydrates would be most commonly found in molasses, grains and lush young grasses
simple carbohydrates
94
digested fats are very dense and provide how much more usable energy than carbohydrates
2.25 times more
95
what is the by-product feed produced from the outer layer of the wheat kernal
wheat bran
96
which nutrients are required to give power to muscles, the brain, and the digestive system
energy nutrients (carbohydrates and fats)
97
excess fat that is eaten is stored as what
fat
98
dry matter is what is left in a feed sample after what has been removed
water
99
what are the "building blocks" of protein from which the bodies are built
Amino acids
100
what are the material that forms in all body tissues
amino acids
101
proteins consist of long chains of what materials
Amino acids
102
When are proteins broken down into amino acids?
during digestion
103
Without iron in the blood, what could not be carried to the body cells?
Oxygen
104
what are considered to be the body's "building blocks"?
proteins
105
How are amino acids carried to the muscle, internal organs, bones, blood, skin and hair to be used to form body tissues?
Carried by the blood
106
Beta carotene is converted in the body into which vitamin?
Vitamin A
107
what is the term for minerals that are needed in larger amounts?
macro minerals
108
What is the term for minerals that are needed in tiny amounts?
Trace or micro minerals
109
Name the vitamin that the horse gets from the sunlight or from skin cured hays and uses this vitamin for making strong bones.
Vitamin D
110
What term describes the feed nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, copper, sodium, and iron?
Minerals
111
there are tow main forms of forages, one is dry forages such as hays and straw, what is the other form of green forage?
Pastures
112
What is a common problem with hay that can cause breathing problems for the horse and makes the hay not taste very good?
Too much dust in the hay or mold
113
In very cold weather, which will produce more body heat and keep the horse warmer -- feeding more grain, more hay or more salt?
more hay
114
What is the normal body temperature of a normal healthy adult horse?
100-101.5
115
what is the normal pulse or heart rate for a normal healthy idle horse?
45-60 beats per minute
116
What is the normal breathing or respiration rate for a normal adult healthy idle horse?
8-15 breathes per minute
117
Which part of grasses can be used to determine it's stage of maturity?
The head of grass
118
In referring to nutrients, what do the initials, Ca stand for?
Calcium
119
Dehydrated forages are made by processing lush-growing, highly nutritious forages through a heated dryer called what?
dehydrator
120
Which type of forage is used mostly as vitamin and protein supplements, a high fiber content and are processed through a heated dryer?
dehydrated forages
121
Horses should be rotated to fresh pastures, how often?
every 2 weeks
122
which grain is high in TDN but is low in protein, fiber, calcium, and phosphorus?
Corn
123
What health problem can be caused by feeding dusty hay?
Heaves or respiratory problems
124
What should be suspected if you find dull, dark hay with dust and mold inside the bale of hay to be purchased?
hay was baled before it was dry enough
125
Name a dehydrated forage.
Alfalfa leaf meal
126
Hay that is baled too wet may have fermentation within the bale, which sometimes can cause serious problems within the hay loft?
Fire form spontaneous combustion
127
What is the general percentage of molasses that is added to commercially mixed grain rations?
5-15%
128
Excessive exposure to sunlight and air can decrease the content of which nutrient in hay?
Carotene ( vitamin A)
129
Finely ground corn should not be fed alone because it may increase the risk of what problem?
colic
130
What are 2 physical forms in which salt may be offered to horses for consumption?
block and loose
131
Allowing a hot horse to drink large quantities of water, may cause what problem?
Founder (laminitis)
132
name 2 ways milo can be fed to horses.
Crushed or ground
133
Which part of legumes can be used to determine its stage of maturity?
Bud or bloom
134
Why should you feed more hay in the winter that grain if grain has a higher energy content?
Fermentative digestion of hat produces more body heat and keeps horse warmer
135
it is a good idea to feed what prior to placing horses in good pasture for the first time in the spring
Hay before turning them in to the pasture
136
In winter a horse should not be forced to eat snow to meet its water needs. How much snow would have to be eaten to equal one quart of water?
12 quarts
137
When classifying feeds, into which category do grains, energy-rich supplements, by product feeds, vitamin and mineral supplements fall?
Concentrates
138
When classifying feeds, into which category do pastures and hays fall?
Forages
139
Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher dry matter content?
Dry forages
140
Corn oats, by-product feeds and supplemental vitamins, minerals or protein would be classified in which of the 3 main types of feeds?
Concentrates
141
Grass and legume hays, straw and pastures would be classified in to which of the 3 main types of feeds?
Forages
142
Diclacium phosphate is a good source of which 2 minerals?
Calcium and phosphorus
143
A horse weight tape can be used to estimate the weight of a horse by measuring where on the horse?
Around the heart girth
144
An excess of which mineral can interfere with the complete utilization of phosphorus in a ration?
Calcium
145
What is the term for the "hard to digest" carbohydrates in grasses?
Cellulose
146
What is the component that mineral have that vitamins lack?
Carbon
147
Fats are higher in the percentage of which 2 elements than carbohydrates?
Carbon and hydrogen
148
Hay that is pale yellow or of a brownish color, is likely to have what happened to it prior to baling?
Rained on or baled before it was dry
149
Hay stored indoors for one to two years will lose about what percentage of its nutrient content?
15-20%
150
Dehydrated forages are made by processing lush-growing, highly nutritious forages through a heated dryer is called what?
Dehydrator
151
Excessive exposure to sunlight and air can decrease the content of which nutrient in hay?
Carotene (vitamin A)
152
What is the general term for a feed component that aids in the support of life?
Nutrient
153
What is the term for the term for the amount of a nutrient found in feed?
Crude or total nutrient
154
What type of amino acids can be built within the horses body by breaking down and reconstructing the essential amino acids?
non-essential amino acids
155
Proteins are considered high in quality when they contain more of what?
essential amino acids
156
Name the chemical elements that make up proteins.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur, phosphorus and iron
157
Why are there different levels of protein in grain mixtures?
protein levels in grain should compliment protein levels in the forages. pastures\ hays with lots of legumes require less protein in grain mix. mature grasses have lower protein level and require more protein in the grain . growing foals need more protein
158
what type of nutrient is most important to increase in the diet of the horse that is increasing the amount of work it is performing?
carbohydrates and fats (energy nutrients)
159
name 3 different body tissues that use protein from the diet.
muscle, skin, hair, bones, internal organs, blood, hooves
160
what are 2 main types of vitamins?
fat soluble and water soluble
161
name the 4 fat soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, K
162
which vitamins are considered to be water soluble vitamins ?
B and C
163
what 2 parts of the body are fat soluble vitamins stored?
fat cells and liver
164
what type of vitamins are not stored in the body and secreted with water?
water soluble vitamins
165
which 2 vitamins are essential in the diet because they can not be manufactured in the body ?
vitamins A and E
166
name 2 vitamins that are produced by metabolic reactions inside the horses body.
vitamins C and D, niacin
167
name two vitamins that are produced by bacteria in the horses cecum and large colon.
all of the B vitamins and vitamin K
168
Which mineral works with vitamin E to protect the body tissue and maintains muscle coordination?
Selenium
169
Which mineral is needed for the production of cobalamin, a B-complex vitamin?
Cobalt
170
What is cobalamin?
a B-complex vitamin
171
If feeding a protein supplement is high in energy value, why not always add it to a ration?
It is useless if protein requirements are complete in balanced rations, it is expensive and can cause digestive upsets
172
Spring pastures can be quite laxative, which type of pastures tend to be the most laxative?
Legume Pastures
173
What are 2 different kinds of salt used for horses?
White salt and trace mineral salt
174
What do the initials TDN stand for?
Total digestible nutrients
175
Name 4 by-product feeds from grain milling industry commonly used in horse feeds.
Wheat bran, rice bran, wheat middling, rye middling
176
oats nutritional value varies considerably due to the proportions of what two parts of the grain?
Fibrous hull to nutritious inner kernel of grain
177
Before purchasing hay, it is a good idea to do what simple test of quality?
Open several bales and examine them for quality
178
name 3 nutrients that are found in higher levels in legumes than grasses.
Protein, energy, calcium, phosphorus
179
what is the term for colorized salt with small amounts of minerals?
Trace mineral salt
180
Because it's sticky, sweet and smells good this is added to a grain ration to increase the horse's appetite, what is it?
Molasses
181
Name 2 ways barley can be fed to horses.
Rolled or ground
182
Since barley can cause colic if fed alone, it should be mixed with at least what percent of oats?
At least 25% oats
183
Other than a source of nutrition, what is another use of pasture?
Exercise
184
Of the following which 2 will have the highest percentage of TDN: grains, grasses, hays, protein supplements?
Grains and protein supplements
185
What is the safest and easiest grain to feed?
Oats
186
What grain is higher in protein and fiber but lower in energy than corn?
Oats
187
Name 4 commonly used mineral supplements added to horse feed.
Salt iodized salt, ground limestone, steamed bone meal, dicalcium phosphate
188
Of the for most commonly used protein supplements, which one is the lowest in protein and usually is not the most economical source of protein.
Linseed Meal
189
Name two problems that can be caused by heavy rain on nearly cured mowed hay.
Loss of carotene (vitamin A) carbohydrates and protein
190
Why should salt be available to horses at all times, especially in the summer?
They lose significant amounts of salt through swaet, which may not be replaced by the grain portion of the ration alone.
191
What is the term for the number of horses that can be properly grazed on a plot of land?
Carrying Capacity
192
Which hays tend to be the most dusty?
Pure Legumes
193
Always feed grain concentrates by what unit of measure?
Weight
194
What is the term for a commercially balanced coarse, tasty mixture of grain, a protein source, vitamins and lots of molasses?
Sweet feed
195
Name 2 reasons why you should rotate your pastures.
reduce internal parasite infection and increase productivity of pasture.
196
what are the 4 energy-rich grains commonly used in horse feeds/
corn, oats, barley, and milo
197
Of the different types of grass hays, which type of grass hay is lowest in protein?
Prairie grass
198
Name 4 protein supplements that are commonly used for horses.
Soybean meal, linseed meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal
199
Name 5 factors that help select a good quality hay.
stage of maturity, species of hay, leafiness, color smell, lack of dust and mold, nutrient value.
200
name 2 grains that are usually ground rather than used whole in a horse feed.
Barley and milo
201
name 2 by-product feeds that are good sources of thiamine and niacin and also supply fair amount of protein and energy.
Wheat bran and rice bran
202
Which type of hay is most likely to have a calcium to phosphorus ratio imbalance?
Legumes
203
name 5 grass hays commonly used for horses.
timothy, orchard grass, brome, bermuda, native western mountain, and prairie grass
204
Of the following which 2 will have the higher content of moisture: grains, protein supplements, silage's, hays or pastures?
silages and pastures
205
Name 2 problems that dust in hay can cause.
makes hay unpalatable (not taste good) and can cause heaves and other respiratory problems
206
what is used in grain mixture as a concentrated appetizer and dust settler?
molasses
207
what is usually added to mixed feeds to increase palatability?
molasses
208
What are the 2 main forms of forages?
dry forages and pastures
209
When classifying feeds, into which category do cereal grains, combined with protein source, balanced with vitamins and minerals and possibly added molasses fall?
mixed feeds
210
Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher water content?
pastures
211
name 2 things that are found in higher quantities in grasses than in legumes.
fiber and dry matter
212
name 4 factors to consider when selecting a horse feed.
suitability of feed, availability, cost, nutrient content, quality, convenience, function of the horse, experience of horse owner.
213
commercially prepared sweet feeds and complete pelleted feeds would fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?
mixed feeds
214
Soil fertility, soil type and climate influence what 2 important qualities in good hay?
productivity and nutrient content
215
Most commercially prepared feed will fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?
mixed feeds
216
which type of concentrate is somewhat laxative and bulky and usually contains about 65% of TDN?
brans
217
What is the more common term for sodium chloride?
salt
218
name the only nutrient of any significance that is obtainsed by addedin molasses to a feed.
energy
219
Since molasses offers very little in nutritional value, why is it added to horse feed?
settles dust and makes it taste better
220
Name 3 important factors about your horse to consider when balancing a ration.
age, weight, type of work, horse is performing
221
Generally speaking, which type of horse will require the least amount of feed, digestible protein, TDN, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin A content in a ration.
Mature, idle, horse doing less than one hour of riding daily
222
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 400 pound weanling?
11-12 pounds daily
223
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 600-700 pound yearling?
13-14 pounds daily
224
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound mature idle horse?
16-17 pounds daily
225
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound lactating mare?
28-30 pounds daily
226
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound breeding stallion doing moderate breeding?
20-22 pounds daily
227
what is the best way to determine the actual weight of a horse?
use a scale
228
The nutrient composition of a feed, the quantities of nutrients in feeds being fed, daily nutrient requirements, age, weight and type of work performed by the horse are all used to calculate what?
balance feed ration for the horse
229
name 3 things that happen to hay that has started to ferment.
energy value is lost, hay becomes dusty, moldy and has a dark, dull color, heating occurs and can start a fire
230
name 4 factors that can cause the requirements of nutrients to change.
age, size, health, environment (heat, cold, humidity), activity (maintenance, performance, reproduction, growth, lactation)
231
name 5 factors that will affect the water needs of the horse.
age, health, size, activity (maintenance, gestation, lactation, work), type of feed eaten, enviroment
232
name 2 activities that would cause the greatest increase in the water needs of a horse.
lactation and moderate to heavy work
233
Name 4 important functions of water as a nutrient.
regulates body temperature, necessary of life and shape of all cells, transports nutrients to and wastes away from cells lubricates and protects body, necessary part of all body fluids.
234
name 5 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.
lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, trytophan, methionine, phenylalamine
235
Name 8 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.
Lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalamine
236
How is excess consumed protein used by the body?
nitrogen is removed from the amino acids and excreted in the urine. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen remaining from the amino acid is used for energy like charbohydrates
237
name 4 b-complex vitamins.
thiamine, riboflavin, biotin, follic acid, cobalamin, niacin, choline, pryidoxine, and pantothenic acid.
238
Name 4 micro-minerals.
copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt
239
Name 4 macro minerals.
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride
240
Name 3 micro-minerals and 3 macro-minerals.
micro- copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt
macro- calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride
241
Name 3 things that will increase the water needs of a horse.
lactation, growth, and work
242
Name 4 factors that affect the leafiness of a hay.
Kind and species of forage, stage of maturity when cut, weather conditions while growing and while curing procedures.
243
Name 3 major factors used to evaluate the potential of land selected for a pasture.
Carry capacity (number of horses that can properly be grazed), potential nutritional value, present condition (renovate, reestablish or left alone)
244
Name 4 general ingredients that may be found in commercially mixed feeds.
cereal grains for energy, protein source, correctly balanced vitamins and minerals, molasses to increase patability
245
name 3 times when a protein supplement may be necessary.
forages being fed are of poor quality, pregnant or lactating mare, growing young stock requires extra protein to balance ration.
246
Name 6 important factors used to determine a balanced ration for a horse.
age, weight, and type of work performed, nutrient composition of feed, amount of nutrients in feed being fed, daily nutrient requirements for horse, any ration deficiencies or supplements needed.
247
What are 5 important considerations you should make when selecting a horse feed?
Cost, quality, suitability, availability, and convenience
248
What are 4 good qualities of goody hay?
leafiness, bright green color, aromatic and pleasant odor, no dust or mold, fine stems
249
What is the term for the number of horses that can be properly grazed on a plot of land
Carrying capacity
250
Which hays tend to be the most dusty
Pure legumes
251
From what two (2) sources is molasses derived
Sugar cane and sugar beets
252
Name three (3) ways oats can be fed to horses
Whole, rolled, crimped
253
What term describes a processed mixture of grain and forage, or may consist of only a grain or forage in a ground form of a pellet
Pelleted feed
254
Why is loose salt a better form in which to offer to horses compared to block salt
Horses tend not to be big lickers and may not lick enough off block to meet their needs
255
What is usually the most expensive feed grain in terms of cost per unit of nutrients
Oats
256
A lack of smell indicates what in hay
Overly matured, bleaching, leaching or old hay
257
Name three (3) legumes used as hays for horses
Alfalfa, lespedeza, clovers
258
What does a stale, musty unpleasant odor indicate in a hay
Excessive fermentation has occurred
259
Name three (3) ways corn can be fed to horses
Ear corn, shelled corn, cracked corn
260
Name three (3) problems that can be determined by the smell of hay
Old hay, excessive fermentation, overly matured hay,bleaching, leaching, mold present, dust present
261
Because beet pulp is a highly digestible fiber source, it is used to add extra fiber and energy to a ration containing poor quality or if a horse has what two (2) types of problems
Difficulty chewing long stemmed forage or respiratory problems
262
Name five (5) ways forages change as they get older as related to the nutritional value
Less leafy, more stemmy, more fibrous, less digestible, mineral and vitamin levels decrease
263
Name 4 problems that can be associated with imbalances in vitamins and minerals in a horse feed.
Muscle disorders, bone problems, hormone imbalances, poor hair coat, eye problems, decreased immune functions
264
Which vitamin is lost as a hay ages?
Vitamin A
265
Name 2 good sources of calcium and phosphorus.
Steamed bone meal and dicalcium phosphate.
266
What is an easy method of reducing dust in a hay before feeding it to horses?
Sprinkle it with water or mixture of water and molasses
267
What is the sorghum grain used as a horse feed?
milo
268
Unless you are an experienced nutritionist, it is easiest and perhaps best to feed what type of feed?
mixed feeds
269
What is the most commonly used protein supplement for horse feed rations?
Soybean meal
270
Adding ground limestone to a ration will increase the level of which mineral?
Calcium
271
If a balanced grain ration with adequate pasture and/or hay is being fed, how much vitamin mineral supplements are required?
None
272
Besides the amount of snow that must be eaten to fulfill the water needs in the winter, what is another concern about using snow as the only source of water?
Tremendous amount of energy is used to change snow to water within the body and this can affect the horse's condition and maintenance requirements
273
Name 4 factors that can affect the nutritional value of a pasture.
Soil fertility, soil type, moisture, and temperature
274
Because of the higher level of calcium found in legumes, a supplement of what may be needed?
Phosphorus
275
Which important factor can be determined by examining the bud or bloom of legumes?
Stage of maturity
276
Always feed grain concentrates by what unit of measure?
Weight
277
What is the term for a commercially balanced coarse, tasty mixture of grain, a protein source, vitamins and lots of molasses?
Sweet feed
278
Name 2 reasons why you should rotate your pastures
Reduce internal parasite infestation and increase productivity of pastures
279
What are the 4 energy-rich grains commonly used in horse feeds?
Corn, oats, barley and milo
280
Of the different types of grass hays, which type of grass hay is lowest in protein?
Prairie grass
281
Name 4 protein supplements that are commonly used for horses.
Soybean meal, linseed meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut butter meal
282
Name 5 factors that help select a good quality hay.
Stage of maturity, species of hay, leafiness, color, smell, lack of dust and mold, nutrient value
283
Name 2 grains that are usually ground rather than used whole in a horse feed.
Barley and milo
284
Name the 2 by-product feeds that are good sources of thiamine and niacin and also supply a fair amount of protein and energy.
Wheat bran and rice bran
285
Which type of hay is most likely to have a calcium to phosphorus ratio imbalance?
Legumes
286
Name 5 grass hays most commonly used for horses.
Timothy, orchard grass, brome, bermuda, native western mountain, prairie grass
287
Of the following which 2 will have the higher content of moisture: grains, protein supplements, silages, hays or pastures?
Silages and pastures
288
Name 2 problems that dust in hay can cause.
Makes hay unpalatable (not taste good)and can cause heaves and other respiratory problems
289
What is used in grain mixture as a concentrated appetizer and dust settler?
Molasses
290
What is usually added to mixed feeds to increase palatability?
Molasses
291
What are the 3 main types of feeds?
Forages, concentrates, mixed feeds
292
What are the 2 main forms of forages?
Dry forages and pastures
293
When classifying feeds, into which category do cereal grains, combined with protein source, balanced with vitamins and minerals and possibly added molasses fall?
Mixed feeds
294
Which of the 2 main forms of forages has a higher water content?
Pastures
295
Name 2 things that are found in higher qualities in grasses than in legumes.
Fiber and dry matter
296
Name 4 factors to consider when selecting a horse feed.
Suitability of feed, availability, cost, nutrient content, quality, convenience, function of the horse, experience of horse owner
297
Commercially prepared sweet feeds and complete pelleted feeds would fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?
Mixed feeds
298
Soil fertility, soil type and climate influence what 2 important qualities in good hay?
Productivity and nutrient content
299
Most commercially prepared feed will fall into which of the 3 main types of feeds?
MIxed feeds
300
Which type of concentrate is somewhat laxative and bulky and usually contains about 65% of TDN?
Brans
301
What is the more common term for sodium chloride?
Salt
302
Name the only nutrient of any significance that is obtained by adding molasses to a feed.
Energy
303
Since molasses offers very little in nutritional value, why is it added to horse feeds?
Settles dust and makes it taste better
304
Name 3 important factors about your horse to consider when balancing a ration.
Age, weight, type of work horse is performing
305
Generally speaking, which type of horse will require the least amount of feed, digestible protein, TDN, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin A content in ration?
Mature, Idle horse doing less than 1 hour of riding daily
306
Generally speaking, which type of horse will require the most amount of feed, digestible protein, phosphorus, and vitamin A content in ration?
Lactating mare
307
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 400 pound weanling?
11-12 pounds daily
308
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 600-700 pound yearling?
13-14 pounds daily
309
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound mature idle horse?
16-17 pounds daily
310
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound lactating mare?
28-30 pounds daily
311
Approximately how many pounds of feed are necessary for a 1,000 pound breeding stallion doing moderate breeding?
20-22 pounds
312
What is the best way to determine the actual weight of a horse?
Use a scale
313
The nutrient composition of a feed, the quantities of nutrients in feeds being fed, daily nutrient requirements, age, weight and type of work performed by the horse are all used to calculate what?
Balance feed ration for the horse
314
Name 3 things that happen to hay that has started to ferment.
Energy value is lost, hat becomes dusty, moldy and has a dark, dull color, heating occurs and can start a fire
315
Name 4 factors that can cause the requirements of nutrients to change.
Age, size, health, environment (heat, cold humidity), activity (maintenance, performance, reproduction, growth, lactation)
316
Name 5 factors that will affect the water needs of the horse.
Age, health, size, activity (maintenance, gestation, lactation, work), type of feed eaten, enviroment
317
Name 2 activities that would cause the greatest increase in the water needs of a horse.
Lactation and moderation to heavy work
318
Name 4 important functions of water as a nutrient.
Regulates body temperature, necessary of life and shape of all cells, transports nutrients to and wastes away from cells, lubricates and protects body, necessary part of all body fluids
319
Name 5 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.
Lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalamine
320
Name 8 of the essential amino acids needed by the horse.
Lysine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, histadine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalamine
321
How is excess consumed protein used by the body.
Nitrogen is removed from the amino acids and excreted in the urine. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen remaining form the amino acid is used for energy like carbohydrates.
322
Name 4 B-complex vitamins.
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pryidoxide, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, folic acid, cobalamin
323
Name 4 macro minerals.
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride
324
Name 4 trace or micro-minerals.
Copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt
325
Name 3 micro-minerals and 3 macro-minerals.
micro--Copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, selenium, cobalt, Macro --Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride
326
Name 3 things that will increase the water needs of a horse.
Growth, lactation, work
327
Name 4 factors that affect the leafiness of a hay.
Kind and species of forage, stage of maturity when cut, weather conditions while growing and while curing, curing procedures.
328
Name 3 major factors to used to evaluate the potential of land selected for a pasture.
Carry capacity (number of horses that can properrly be grazed), potential nutritional value, present condition (renovate, reestablish or left alone).
329
Name 4 general ingredients that may be found in commercially mixed feeds.
Cereal grains for energy, protein source, correctly balanced vitamins and minerals, molasses to increase palatability
330
Name 3 times when a protein supplement may be necessary.
Forages being fed are of poor quality, pregnant or lactating mare, growing young stock require extra protein to balance ration.
331
Name 6 important factors used to determine a balanced ration for a horse.
Age, weight and type of work performed, nutrient composition of feed, amount of nutrients in feed being fed, daily nutrient requirements for horse, any ration deficiencies or supplements needed.
332
What are 5 important considerations you should make when selecting a horse feed?
Cost, quality, suitability, availability, convenience
333
What are 4 good qualities of good hay?
Leafiness, bright green color, aromatic and pleasant odor, no dust or mold, fine stems
