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SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > CC2 LAB: Water & Electrolytes > Flashcards

CC2 LAB: Water & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

The predominant chemical component of living organisms

A

Water

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2
Q

In a 70kg man, the total body water is about?

A

60% of the
body weight (or about 42 liters)

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3
Q

Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular

A
  • collective term for fluids outside the cells
  • 1/3 of the total body water
  • Compartments:
    > Interstitial fluid
    > Plasma
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4
Q

Body Fluid Compartments: Intracellular

A
  • approx. 2/3 of total body water
  • About 28 of the 42 liters of fluid in the body are inside the 100 trillion cells
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5
Q

Body Fluid Compartments: Transcellular

A

(SPPIC)
- Synovial fluid
- Peritoneal fluid
- Pericardial fluid
- Intraocular space
- Cerebrospinal fluid

Note: Together constitute about 1-2 liters

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6
Q

Defined as the concentration
of solutes dissolved in a
solvent

A

Osmolality

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7
Q

Osmolality expressed in units of?

A

milliosmoles per kilogram of pure water

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8
Q

Ions capable of carrying an electric
charge

A

Electrolytes

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9
Q

Electrolytes classified based on the type of charge they carry:

A

Anions - have negative charge
Cations - have a positive charge

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10
Q

General Functions of Electrolytes

A

1.Volume and Osmotic regulation
2.Myocardial rhythm and contractility
3.Cofactors in enzyme activation
4.Regulation of ATP pumps
5.Acid-Base Balance
6.Blood Coagulation
7.Neuromuscular excitability
8.Production and use of glucose

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11
Q

Major Extracellular Cation

A

SODIUM

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12
Q

Determines the osmolality of the plasma

A

SODIUM

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13
Q

Sodium concentration depends on what?

A
  • intake of water
  • excretion of water
  • renal regulation of sodium
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14
Q

Sodium Methodology

A
  • Emission flame Spectrophotometry
  • Ion Selective Electrode
  • Colorimetry - Albanese and Lein
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15
Q

Sodium Methodology: solution is subjected to a non-luminous flame emitting light

A

Emission flame Spectrophotometry

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16
Q

Sodium Methodology: uses a semipermeable membrane to develop a potential produced by having different ion concentrations on either side of the membrane utilizes glass electrode

A

Ion Selective Electrode

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17
Q

In Colorimetry - Albanese and Lein, Sodium is precipitated as ___ which is then dissolved in
water and determined photometrically by its yellow color

A

sodium uranyl zinc acetate

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18
Q

In Ion Selective Electrode, uses a ____ to develop a potential produced by having different ion concentrations on either side of the membrane utilizes glass electrode

A

semipermeable membrane

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19
Q

In Emission flame Spectrophotometry, The solution is subjected to a ____ with a characteristic wavelength for sodium and the intensity of light emitted is measured

A

non-luminous flame emitting light

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20
Q

Sodium Clinical Significance: Hypernatremia

A
  1. Diabetes insipidus
  2. Prolonged diarrhea
  3. Excess water loss
  4. Renal tubular disorder
  5. Decreased water intake
  6. Increase Sodium intake
  7. Severe burns
  8. Fever
  9. Exposure to heat
  10. Hypertonic solutions
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21
Q

Sodium Clinical Significance: Hyponatremia

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
  3. Increased sodium loss
  4. Increased vomiting
  5. Diarrhea
  6. Increased water
  7. Potassium deficiency
  8. Ketonuria
  9. Addison’s disease
  10. Renal failure
  11. Hepatic cirrhosis
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22
Q

Clinical Significance: Pseudohyponatremia

A
  1. Lipemia
  2. Hyperproteinemia
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23
Q

The Major Intracellular Cation

A

POTASSIUM

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24
Q

Purpose of Potassium:

A
  1. Neuromuscular excitability
  2. Heart contraction
  3. Hydrogen balance
  4. Enzymatic reactions
  5. Maintain normal movements of intracellular
    fluid
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25
Q

Potassium Regulation

A

via renal function

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26
Q

Potassium is Counter-current ion of?

A

sodium

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27
Q

Potassium Methodology

A
  1. Flame Emission Photometry
  2. Ion Selective Electrode
  3. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
  4. Colorimetry - Lockhead and Purcell method
28
Q

Potassium Methodology: The sample is subjected to a non-luminous flame which emits light of a characteristics wavelength for potassium

A

Flame Emission Photometry

29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Under Flame Emission Photometry, The intensity of the light is indirectly proportional to the concentration of potassium present in the serum.

A

FALSE: “directly proportional”

30
Q

Under Colorimetry - Lockhead and Purcell method, the alkaline solution of cobalt in the presence of a trace of amino acid like glycine reduces the folin-ciocalteau reagent to a what color?

A

Blue

31
Q

What potassium method which Potassium is precipitated directly from the serum or plasma

A

Colorimetry - Lockhead and Purcell method

32
Q

The alkaline solution of cobalt under Lockhead and Purcell method in Potassium Methodology

A

potassium sodium cobaltinitrite

33
Q

Clinical Significance: Hyperkalemia

A
  1. Acidosis
  2. Decreased renal excretion
  3. Renal failure
  4. Extracellular shift
  5. Leukemia
  6. Increased intake
  7. Thrombosis
  8. Addison’s disease
  9. Insulin deficiency
  10. Blood Transfusion
34
Q

Clinical Significance: Pseudohyperkalemia

A
  1. Hemolysis
  2. Prolonged tourniquet application
  3. Excessive clenched fist
  4. Thrombocytosis
35
Q

Clinical Significance: Hypokalemia

A
  1. Alkalosis
  2. GIT loss
  3. Intracellular shift
  4. Intestinal tumor
  5. Decreased intake
  6. Diuretics
  7. Vomiting
  8. Diarrhea
  9. Insulin overdose
36
Q

Major Extracellular Anion

A

CHLORIDE

37
Q

An enzyme activator

A

CHLORIDE

38
Q

Chloride purpose

A

Maintains water balance and osmotic pressure

39
Q

Chloride Methodology

A
  1. Mercurimetric titration
  2. Ion Selective Electrode
40
Q

Under Mercurimetric titration, which one uses colometric generation of silver ions

A

Coulometric Amperometric Titration

41
Q

Under Mercurimetric titration, which one utilizes Mercuric thiocyanate & Ferric ions which forms
red color

A

Spectrophotometric method

42
Q

Under Mercurimetric titration, Schales & Schales ___ and ___ forming undissociated but soluble HgCl2

A

chloride ions and mercury

43
Q

The end point is obtained under Schales & Schales when a ________ color is seen resulting from the combination of the excess Hg with the indicator.

A

a violet blue color

44
Q

Clinical Significance of Chloride: Hyperchloremia

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Nephritis
  3. Prostatic obstruction
  4. Anemia
  5. Hyperventilation
  6. Hypoproteinemia
  7. Urinary obstruction
  8. Increased chloride intake
45
Q

Clinical Significance of Chloride: Hypochloremia

A
  1. Addison’s disease
  2. Burns
  3. Fever
  4. Intestinal obstruction
  5. Metallic poisoning
  6. Pneumonia
  7. Diarrhea
  8. Vomiting
  9. Uremia
46
Q

Present in the bones (99%) and ECF (1%)

A

Calcium

47
Q

Calcium purposes

A
  1. blood coagulation
  2. Enzyme activity
  3. skeletal mineralization
  4. neural transmission
48
Q

Calcium Components in our Body

A

Ionized - 50%
Protein bound - 40%
Complex with anions - 10%

49
Q

Calcium Methodology

A
  1. Chloranilic acid method - Ferro-Ham
  2. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
50
Q

Reference method of Calcium Methodology

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

51
Q

In Chloranilic acid method - Ferro-Ham, calcium in the sample is precipitated as ___ by saturated solution of sodium chloranilate.

A

calcium chloranilate

52
Q

Under Chloranilic acid method - Ferro-Ham, the excess chloranilic acid is removed by washing the precipitate with (1)_____ and the precipitate is then treated with (2)____ which chelates (3)_____ and release (4)______

A
  1. isopropyl alcohol
  2. EDTA
  3. calcium
  4. chloranilic acid
53
Q

Clinical Significance of Calcium: Hypercalcemia

A
  1. Primary hyperparathyroidism
  2. Acidosis
  3. Increased vitamin D
  4. Hyperthyroidism
  5. Multiple myeloma
54
Q

Clinical Significance of Calcium: Hypocalcemia

A
  1. Hypoparathyroidism
  2. Vitamin D deficiency
  3. Low protein concentration
  4. Renal disease
  5. Acute pancreatitis
  6. Seizures
55
Q

Essential for normal muscle contractility and
for neurologic function

A

Inorganic Phosphorus

56
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Inorganic Phosphorus is found everywhere, from DNA compositions to oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, to energy needed by the body

A

TRUE

57
Q

Phosphate Methodology

A

Fiske Subbarow Method

58
Q

Clinical Significance of Inorganic Phosphate: Hyperphosphatemia

A
  1. hypoparathyroidism
  2. increased vitamin D
  3. Renal failure
  4. Increased phosphate intake
  5. Lymphoblastic leukemia
59
Q

Clinical Significance of Inorganic Phosphate: Hypophosphatemia

A
  1. Hyperparathyroidism
  2. Alcohol abuse
  3. Low vitamin D
  4. Diabetic ketoacidosis
  5. Asthma
  6. Malignancy
60
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Magnesium is an enzyme activator/Cofactor

A

TRUE

61
Q

Magnesium purposes

A
  1. cellular energy metabolism
  2. Membrane stabilization
  3. Nerve conduction
  4. Ion transport
62
Q

Magnesium Methodology

A
  1. Colorimetric
  2. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
  3. Dye Lake Method
  4. Fluorometric method
63
Q

In Colorimetric under magnesium methodology, Magnesium binds (1) _____ to form (2) _____ complex read at (3) _____

A
  1. Calmagnite
  2. reddish violet
  3. 532nm
64
Q

In Fluorometric method, (1)____ and (2)____ form a chelate compound that floresce when excited at wavelength (3)_____

A
  1. Magnesium ion
  2. gamma-hydroxyl-5-quinolone sulfonic acid
  3. 380-410nm.
65
Q

Clinical Significance of Magnesium: Hypermagnesemia

A
  1. Diabetic Coma
  2. Increased Antacid and Cathartics
  3. Hypothyroidism
  4. Chronic Renal Failure
  5. Dehydration
  6. Addison’s disease
  7. Multiple Myeloma
  8. Bone metastases
66
Q

Clinical Significance of Magnesium: Hypomagnesemia

A
  1. Arrhythmia
  2. Malnutrition
  3. Vomiting
  4. Diarrhea
  5. Acute Renal Failure
  6. Hyperparathyroidism
  7. Hyperthyroidism
  8. Chronic Alcoholism
  9. GIT malabsorption

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (38 decks)

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