Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > CC2 LAB: Water & Electrolytes > Flashcards

CC2 LAB: Water & Electrolytes Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The predominant chemical component of living organisms

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In a 70kg man, the total body water is about?

A

60% of the
body weight (or about 42 liters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular

A
  • collective term for fluids outside the cells
  • 1/3 of the total body water
  • Compartments:
    > Interstitial fluid
    > Plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Body Fluid Compartments: Intracellular

A
  • approx. 2/3 of total body water
  • About 28 of the 42 liters of fluid in the body are inside the 100 trillion cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Body Fluid Compartments: Transcellular

A

(SPPIC)
- Synovial fluid
- Peritoneal fluid
- Pericardial fluid
- Intraocular space
- Cerebrospinal fluid

Note: Together constitute about 1-2 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Defined as the concentration
of solutes dissolved in a
solvent

A

Osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Osmolality expressed in units of?

A

milliosmoles per kilogram of pure water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ions capable of carrying an electric
charge

A

Electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Electrolytes classified based on the type of charge they carry:

A

Anions - have negative charge
Cations - have a positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

General Functions of Electrolytes

A

1.Volume and Osmotic regulation
2.Myocardial rhythm and contractility
3.Cofactors in enzyme activation
4.Regulation of ATP pumps
5.Acid-Base Balance
6.Blood Coagulation
7.Neuromuscular excitability
8.Production and use of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Major Extracellular Cation

A

SODIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Determines the osmolality of the plasma

A

SODIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sodium concentration depends on what?

A
  • intake of water
  • excretion of water
  • renal regulation of sodium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sodium Methodology

A
  • Emission flame Spectrophotometry
  • Ion Selective Electrode
  • Colorimetry - Albanese and Lein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sodium Methodology: solution is subjected to a non-luminous flame emitting light

A

Emission flame Spectrophotometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sodium Methodology: uses a semipermeable membrane to develop a potential produced by having different ion concentrations on either side of the membrane utilizes glass electrode

A

Ion Selective Electrode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In Colorimetry - Albanese and Lein, Sodium is precipitated as ___ which is then dissolved in
water and determined photometrically by its yellow color

A

sodium uranyl zinc acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In Ion Selective Electrode, uses a ____ to develop a potential produced by having different ion concentrations on either side of the membrane utilizes glass electrode

A

semipermeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In Emission flame Spectrophotometry, The solution is subjected to a ____ with a characteristic wavelength for sodium and the intensity of light emitted is measured

A

non-luminous flame emitting light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sodium Clinical Significance: Hypernatremia

A
  1. Diabetes insipidus
  2. Prolonged diarrhea
  3. Excess water loss
  4. Renal tubular disorder
  5. Decreased water intake
  6. Increase Sodium intake
  7. Severe burns
  8. Fever
  9. Exposure to heat
  10. Hypertonic solutions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sodium Clinical Significance: Hyponatremia

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
  3. Increased sodium loss
  4. Increased vomiting
  5. Diarrhea
  6. Increased water
  7. Potassium deficiency
  8. Ketonuria
  9. Addison’s disease
  10. Renal failure
  11. Hepatic cirrhosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Clinical Significance: Pseudohyponatremia

A
  1. Lipemia
  2. Hyperproteinemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The Major Intracellular Cation

A

POTASSIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Purpose of Potassium:

A
  1. Neuromuscular excitability
  2. Heart contraction
  3. Hydrogen balance
  4. Enzymatic reactions
  5. Maintain normal movements of intracellular
    fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Potassium Regulation
via renal function
26
Potassium is Counter-current ion of?
sodium
27
Potassium Methodology
1. Flame Emission Photometry 2. Ion Selective Electrode 3. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry 4. Colorimetry - Lockhead and Purcell method
28
Potassium Methodology: The sample is subjected to a non-luminous flame which emits light of a characteristics wavelength for potassium
Flame Emission Photometry
29
TRUE OR FALSE: Under Flame Emission Photometry, The intensity of the light is indirectly proportional to the concentration of potassium present in the serum.
FALSE: "directly proportional"
30
Under Colorimetry - Lockhead and Purcell method, the alkaline solution of cobalt in the presence of a trace of amino acid like glycine reduces the folin-ciocalteau reagent to a what color?
Blue
31
What potassium method which Potassium is precipitated directly from the serum or plasma
Colorimetry - Lockhead and Purcell method
32
The alkaline solution of cobalt under Lockhead and Purcell method in Potassium Methodology
potassium sodium cobaltinitrite
33
Clinical Significance: Hyperkalemia
1. Acidosis 2. Decreased renal excretion 3. Renal failure 4. Extracellular shift 5. Leukemia 6. Increased intake 7. Thrombosis 8. Addison’s disease 9. Insulin deficiency 10. Blood Transfusion
34
Clinical Significance: Pseudohyperkalemia
1. Hemolysis 2. Prolonged tourniquet application 3. Excessive clenched fist 4. Thrombocytosis
35
Clinical Significance: Hypokalemia
1. Alkalosis 2. GIT loss 3. Intracellular shift 4. Intestinal tumor 5. Decreased intake 6. Diuretics 7. Vomiting 8. Diarrhea 9. Insulin overdose
36
Major Extracellular Anion
CHLORIDE
37
An enzyme activator
CHLORIDE
38
Chloride purpose
Maintains water balance and osmotic pressure
39
Chloride Methodology
1. Mercurimetric titration 2. Ion Selective Electrode
40
Under Mercurimetric titration, which one uses colometric generation of silver ions
Coulometric Amperometric Titration
41
Under Mercurimetric titration, which one utilizes Mercuric thiocyanate & Ferric ions which forms red color
Spectrophotometric method
42
Under Mercurimetric titration, Schales & Schales ___ and ___ forming undissociated but soluble HgCl2
chloride ions and mercury
43
The end point is obtained under Schales & Schales when a ________ color is seen resulting from the combination of the excess Hg with the indicator.
a violet blue color
44
Clinical Significance of Chloride: Hyperchloremia
1. Dehydration 2. Nephritis 3. Prostatic obstruction 4. Anemia 5. Hyperventilation 6. Hypoproteinemia 7. Urinary obstruction 8. Increased chloride intake
45
Clinical Significance of Chloride: Hypochloremia
1. Addison’s disease 2. Burns 3. Fever 4. Intestinal obstruction 5. Metallic poisoning 6. Pneumonia 7. Diarrhea 8. Vomiting 9. Uremia
46
Present in the bones (99%) and ECF (1%)
Calcium
47
Calcium purposes
1. blood coagulation 2. Enzyme activity 3. skeletal mineralization 4. neural transmission
48
Calcium Components in our Body
Ionized - 50% Protein bound - 40% Complex with anions - 10%
49
Calcium Methodology
1. Chloranilic acid method - Ferro-Ham 2. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
50
Reference method of Calcium Methodology
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
51
In Chloranilic acid method - Ferro-Ham, calcium in the sample is precipitated as ___ by saturated solution of sodium chloranilate.
calcium chloranilate
52
Under Chloranilic acid method - Ferro-Ham, the excess chloranilic acid is removed by washing the precipitate with (1)_____ and the precipitate is then treated with (2)____ which chelates (3)_____ and release (4)______
1. isopropyl alcohol 2. EDTA 3. calcium 4. chloranilic acid
53
Clinical Significance of Calcium: Hypercalcemia
1. Primary hyperparathyroidism 2. Acidosis 3. Increased vitamin D 4. Hyperthyroidism 5. Multiple myeloma
54
Clinical Significance of Calcium: Hypocalcemia
1. Hypoparathyroidism 2. Vitamin D deficiency 3. Low protein concentration 4. Renal disease 5. Acute pancreatitis 6. Seizures
55
Essential for normal muscle contractility and for neurologic function
Inorganic Phosphorus
56
TRUE or FALSE: Inorganic Phosphorus is found everywhere, from DNA compositions to oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, to energy needed by the body
TRUE
57
Phosphate Methodology
Fiske Subbarow Method
58
Clinical Significance of Inorganic Phosphate: Hyperphosphatemia
1. hypoparathyroidism 2. increased vitamin D 3. Renal failure 4. Increased phosphate intake 5. Lymphoblastic leukemia
59
Clinical Significance of Inorganic Phosphate: Hypophosphatemia
1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Alcohol abuse 3. Low vitamin D 4. Diabetic ketoacidosis 5. Asthma 6. Malignancy
60
TRUE or FALSE: Magnesium is an enzyme activator/Cofactor
TRUE
61
Magnesium purposes
1. cellular energy metabolism 2. Membrane stabilization 3. Nerve conduction 4. Ion transport
62
Magnesium Methodology
1. Colorimetric 2. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry 3. Dye Lake Method 4. Fluorometric method
63
In Colorimetric under magnesium methodology, Magnesium binds (1) _____ to form (2) _____ complex read at (3) _____
1. Calmagnite 2. reddish violet 3. 532nm
64
In Fluorometric method, (1)____ and (2)____ form a chelate compound that floresce when excited at wavelength (3)_____
1. Magnesium ion 2. gamma-hydroxyl-5-quinolone sulfonic acid 3. 380-410nm.
65
Clinical Significance of Magnesium: Hypermagnesemia
1. Diabetic Coma 2. Increased Antacid and Cathartics 3. Hypothyroidism 4. Chronic Renal Failure 5. Dehydration 6. Addison’s disease 7. Multiple Myeloma 8. Bone metastases
66
Clinical Significance of Magnesium: Hypomagnesemia
1. Arrhythmia 2. Malnutrition 3. Vomiting 4. Diarrhea 5. Acute Renal Failure 6. Hyperparathyroidism 7. Hyperthyroidism 8. Chronic Alcoholism 9. GIT malabsorption

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions