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SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > MOL BIO LAB L2 (Prelim- DNA & RNA) > Flashcards

MOL BIO LAB L2 (Prelim- DNA & RNA) Flashcards

1
Q

He discovered the DNA. The first person who identified “nuclein” inside the nuclei of our White Blood Cells (WBC)

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

He investigated the structure of DNA

A

Phoebus Levene

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3
Q

Created/Discovered the Chargaff’s rule

A

Erwin Chargaff

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4
Q

According to this, the total amount of purines which is the Adenine plus Guanine would equate or equal to the total amount of pyrimidines which are the Cytosine and Thymine

A

Chargaff’s rule

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5
Q

Responsible for the realization of the double helix structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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6
Q

They are responsible for the X-ray Crystallography

A

Rosalind Franklin and
Maurice Wilkins

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7
Q

The Human Genome Project in 1987 was proposed by?

A

Dr. Alvin W. Trivelpiece

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8
Q

The human genome project was estimated to complete in ________ but it actually only took _______.

A

15 years; 13 years

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9
Q

What are the five macromolecules of the DNA?

A
  • Carbon
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Phosphorus/ Phosphate
  • Hydrogen
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10
Q

DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, but we also have what
we call _________

A

mitochondrial DNA

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11
Q

The information in the DNA storage system is based on the order or sequence of _________ in the nucleic acid polymer.

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

What are the three main components or three main structures of a DNA?

A
  1. Nitrogenous Base
  2. Pentose Sugar
  3. Phosphate Group
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12
Q

There are 4 Nitrogenous bases that make up the majority of DNA found in all organisms and these are:

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
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13
Q

Nine-membered ring; double ring and is composed of 9 carbons.

A

Purine

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14
Q

Six-membered ring: single ring and is composed of 6 carbons.

A

Pyrimidine

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15
Q

What are the two groups based on the number of nitrogens in the structure:

A

Purine and Pyrimidine

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16
Q

These nitrogenous bases are a purine

A

Guanine & Adenine

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17
Q

These nitrogenous bases are a pyrimidine.

A

Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine

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18
Q

In RNA, what is attached to the Carbon-2 position?

A

hydroxyl group (OH)

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19
Q

Nitrogenous base + Pentose sugar=

A

Nucleoside

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19
Q

In DNA, it does not contain a hydroxyl group but instead a __________?

A

Hydrogen atom

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20
Q

Nucleoside + phosphate group=

A

Nucleotide

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21
Q

When this attaches to a nucleoside through a phosphoester bond, the entire complex becomes a nucleotide (nucleic acid)

A

Phosphate group

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22
Q

Ends with Phosphate group

A

5’ end

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23
Q

Ends with Hydroxyl group

A

3’ end

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23
Q

Wherein the nitrogenous bases will form hydrogen bonds with its complementary pair.

A

Hybridization

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24
Q

What is the complementary pair of guanine?

A

Cytosine

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25
Q

What is the complementary pair of adenine?

A

thymine

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26
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does cytosine and guanine have?

A

three

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27
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does adenine and thymine have?

A

two

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28
Q

Th hydrogen bond between these two are much difficult to destroy or unwind

A

cytosine and guanine

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29
Q

Two long polynucleotide chains are coiled around a central axis, forming a right-handed double helix.

A

Chargaff’s rule

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30
Q

The two DNA strand are ______ to each other

A

antiparallel

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31
Q

These are 2 regions formed in the sugar phosphate backbone of the helix

A
  • Major groove and Minor groove
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32
Q

What is the distance between the major grooves?

A

22A°

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32
Q

In minor groove, the distance between 2 DNA strands is only?

A

12A°

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33
Q

Each complete turn of helix is _____ long

A

34A° (angstrom)

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34
Q

The double helix has a diameter of ______ and the distance between the adjacent nuclear diet is _______

A

20A°; 3.32 or 3.4

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35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The percentage of (G+C) is
equal the percentage of (A+T)

A

FALSE. It is not necessarily equal

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36
Q

These are target areas of denaturing agents. If you want to destroy DNA these are the areas to target.

A

Major & Minor groove

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37
Q

What are the three proposed models of replication?

A
  • Semi-conservative model
  • Conservative model
  • Dispersive model
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38
Q

In this model, base pairing allows each strand to serve as a template for a new strand. The new strand is 1/2 parent template & 1/2 new DNA

A

Semi-conservative model

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39
Q

Nucleotides in DNA backbone are bonded from phosphate to sugar between __________?

A

3’ & 5’ carbons

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40
Q

DNA molecule has “direction” complementary strand runs in ________ direction

A

opposite

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41
Q

In connecting nucleotides, 1 phosphate group connects to the ______ to form a nucleotide and it will then connect to the ________ of the next nucleotide

A

c5 or 5-carbon; c3 or
3-carbon

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42
Q

One strand of a DNA can end in a phosphate group or a hydroxyl group. Because of that, DNA is given what is called?

A

Polarity

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43
Q

What is the first step in DNA replication?

A

Unwinding of DNA

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44
Q

This unwinds the DNA

A

Helicase

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45
Q

Enzyme that prevents tangling upstream from the replication fork

A

DNA gyrase

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46
Q

Adds small section of RNA (RNA primer) to the 3’ end of template DNA

A

RNA Primase

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47
Q

This enzyme builds new DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase III

48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: DNA polymerase III can only add nucleotides to existing strands of DNA

A

TRUE

49
Q

The main enzyme in all the replication. It cannot synthesize or cannot build new DNA strand but can only synthesize from an existing nucleotide

A

DNA polymerase

50
Q

Replication cannot be initiated without an?

A

existing strand

51
Q

What is the third step in DNA replication?

A

Building of daughter strand

52
Q

What is the fourth step in DNA replication?

A

Replacement of RNA primer by DNA

53
Q

Replacement of RNA primer by DNA is done by?

A

DNA Polymerase I

54
Q

The direction of the replication fork is?

A

towards the left

55
Q

What is the limit of DNA polymerase III?

A

can only build onto 3’ end of an existing DNA strand

56
Q

These are the short lengths of DNA that are produced by the discontinuous replication of the lagging strand

A

Okazaki fragments

57
Q

This join together fragments of newly synthesized DNA to form a seamless strand

A

Ligase

58
Q

Continuously synthesized strand

A

leading strand

59
Q

Synthesized discontinuously in DNA replication

A

Lagging strand

60
Q

In DNA replication, the reading is done in what direction?

A

Read UP; read from 3’ to 5’

61
Q

In DNA replication, adding of a complementary base is done in what direction?

A

Adding of complementary base is from 5’ to 3’

62
Q

This initiates DNA synthesis

A

RNA Primer

63
Q

Built by primase. It serves as starter sequence for DNA polymerase III, however, short segments called Okazaki fragments are made because it can only go in a 5’ –> 3’ direction

A

RNA Primer

64
Q

Removes sections of RNA primer and replaces with DNA nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase I

65
Q

Strands are glued together by?

A

DNA ligase

66
Q

A complex compound of high molecular weight that functions in cellular protein synthesis and replaces DNA as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses.

A

RNA

67
Q

In DNA , in the Carbon 2 position you will find a?

A

hydrogen

68
Q

In Ribose (RNA), in Carbon 2 you will find a?

A

hydroxyl group

69
Q

Structural components of ribosome it composes 80% of RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

70
Q

Carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation. Accounts for up to 15% of the RNA

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

71
Q

Carry genetic information from the DNA of the gene

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

72
Q

Unlike ________ molecules; these RNAs (the________) are not subsequently translated to form proteins and they remain in RNA form.

A

mRNA; rRNA and tRNA

73
Q

They remain in RNA form, and they only aid in the formation of proteins.

A

rRNA and tRNA

74
Q

Considered the first step in gene expression

A

Transcription

75
Q

The process by which the information is transferred from one strand of the DNA to RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase

A

Transcription

76
Q

Uses a single-stranded DNA template to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA.

A

RNA polymerase

77
Q

RNA polymerase builds an RNA strand in the ________ direction, adding each new nucleotide to the 3’ end of the strand.

A

5’ to 3’

78
Q

The strand that is used as template is called the?

A

template strand or antisense strand or the negative strand or non-coding strand (pilii nalang :P)

79
Q

It directs the synthesis of RNA.

A

template strand

80
Q

The coding strand is also called the?

A

positive strand or the sense strand

81
Q

Its sequence is the same as the RNA sequence that is produced with the exception of uracil replacing thymine

A

Coding strand

82
Q

The nucleotide at the 5-prime end of the chain retains its?

A

triphosphate group

83
Q

It carries a copy of genetic information to the ribosome.

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

84
Q

The main enzyme that catalyzes replication and transcription.

A

RNA polymerase

85
Q

It fills the RNA from the 5’ to 3’ direction by adding nucleotide to the 3-prime end of the strand.

A

RNA polymerase

86
Q

The 3 Steps in RNA Transcription:

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
87
Q

In this step, there is what we call the promoter region of each gene. Each gene has its own promoter. Once found, the RNA polymerase will separate the DNA strands and provide the single stranded template needed for transcription

A

Initiation

88
Q

In this step, the template strand acts as a template and it will be read one base at a time. Again, the chain grows from 5’ to 3’.

A

Elongation

89
Q

In this step, there is what we call sequence terminators. They are signaled that the RNA transcript is complete and once they are transcribed, they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.

A

Termination

90
Q

Each genetic code consists of three ribonucleotide letters thus referred to as?

A

triplet code

91
Q

Each group of three ribonucleotides is called?

A

codons

92
Q

The genetic code can be defined as?

A

unambiguous, degenerate, and universal.

93
Q

In _______, the mature mRNA molecules must leave the nucleus and travel to the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located.

A

eukaryotes

94
Q

In____________, ribosomes can attach to mRNA while still being transcribed

A

prokaryotic organisms

95
Q

There are how many codons?

A

64 codons

96
Q

Area of the near the 5-prime end of the molecule that is not translated.

A

Untranslated Region (UTR)

97
Q

UTR is also called?

A

Leader sequence

98
Q

This portion of mRNA is located between the first nucleotide that is transcribed and the start codon (AUG) of the coding region and it does not affect the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

A

Leader sequence or UTR

99
Q

In bacteria, the ribosome binding site is known as?

A

Shine Delgarno

100
Q

In vertebrates, the ribosome binding site is known as?

A

Kozak box

101
Q

Why is UTR important?

A

it contains the ribosome binding site

102
Q

In bacterial mRNA, the 5-prime UTR is usually short while in human mRNA the median length of the 5-prime UTR is about _________

A

170 nucleotides

103
Q

Stages of Translation

A
  • Chain initiation
  • Chain elongation
  • Chain termination
104
Q

What are the first three initiation proteins?

A

IF1, IF2, IF3

105
Q

Pre-initiation complex and a ________ will then bind to the mRNA near the AUG start codon forming what is called the ‘Initiation Complex’.

A

methionine carrier tRNA

106
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Although methionine is the first amino acid incorporated into any new protein, it is not always the first amino acid in mature proteins

A

TRUE

107
Q

If methionine is followed by alanine, the methionine is?

A

Removed

108
Q

The location at which the aminoacyl tRNA anticodon B pairs up with the mRNA codon

A

Amino Acid (A) site

108
Q

If methionine is followed by lysine, the methionine is?

A

retained

109
Q

The location at which the amino acid is transferred from its tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain

A

Polypeptide (P) site

110
Q

The location at which the mt-tRNA sits before being released back to the cytoplasm to bind another amino acid.

A

Exit (E) site

111
Q

In a ribosome, what are the three sites at which the tRNA molecules can bind?

A
  • Amino Acid (A) site
  • Polypeptide (P) site
  • Exit (E) site
112
Q

The initiator, _______ is the only aminoacyl tRNA that can bind in the P site of the ribosome

A

methionine tRNA

113
Q

In elongation, the ribosome moves along the mRNA in a ______ direction. Which requires the _______, in a process called translocation.

A

5’ to 3’ ; elongation factor G

114
Q

What is the energy source in the translocation process?

A

guanine triphosphate (GTP)

115
Q

For many years, it was thought an enzyme catalyzed this step (elongation), but recent evidence indicates that the ____________ is the catalytic function of ribosomal RNA

A

transferase activity

116
Q

When translocation is terminated what is must be released from the mRNA and the ribosome?

A

nascent protein

117
Q

What are the three termination codons employed at the end of a protein sequence in an mRNA?

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

118
Q

mRNA are simultaneous and short-lived in?

A

Prokaryotes

119
Q

mRNA are highly variable half-lives, subject to modifications, and must exit the nucleus to be translated. In what organism?

A

Eukaryotes

120
Q

What are the release factors on the stop codons that will enter the vacant A site?

A

RF1 and RF2

121
Q

Trigger the peptidyl transferase to cleave the now completed polypeptide from its tRNA, located in the P-site of the ribosome.

A

release factors

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (38 decks)

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