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SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > MYCO & VIROLOGY L4 (Midterms- Yeast) > Flashcards

MYCO & VIROLOGY L4 (Midterms- Yeast) Flashcards

Yeast :P

1
Q

Incidence of Yeast infection has escalated due to the increasing?

A

Immunosuppression among patients

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cutaneous infections may be extremely aggressive and difficult to treat

A

**FALSE. Should be Yeast infection

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3
Q

Coined term for those not capable of sexual reproduction

A

Yeast-like

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4
Q

Able to reproduce sexually

A

Yeast

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4
Q

Often part of microbiota

A

Agents Yeast Infection

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5
Q

Generally, yeast reproduce asexually which is through the ____________ but they can also reproduce sexually through ___________

A

blastoconidia; ascospores and basidiospores

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6
Q

Enumerate at least three general characteristics of a Yeast

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Unicellular organism
  • Round to oval
  • Size: 2-60 um
  • Reproduce asexually by budding (blastoconidia)
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7
Q

Enumerate the characteristics for differentiation of yeasts

A
  • Cell size
  • Presence and absence of capsule
  • Budding base (broad, narrow)
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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Differentiation of yeasts in direct microscopic and histopathologic examination of clinical specimen is often impossible.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

An outpouching of the cell wall that becomes tubular and does not have a constriction at its base

A

Germ Tube

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9
Q

Buds elongate, fail to dissociate, and form subsequent buds; resemble links of sausage

A

Pseudohyphae

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10
Q

Have cell wall constrictions rather than true intracellular septation delineating the fungal cell border

A

Pseudohyphae

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11
Q

It represents the initial stage of true hyphae formation

A

Germ Tube

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12
Q

Macroscopically, it appears moist, creamy, may have bright pigments, and is either hyaline/melanized

A

Yeasts

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13
Q

Yeasts may produce a capsule resulting in a ______ or ________ colonial appearance

A

shiny; mucoid

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14
Q

Responsible for the most commonly encountered opportunistic fungal infections

A

Candida spp.

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15
Q

Fourth most common cause of hospital acquired bloodstream infections (BSI)

A

Candida spp.

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16
Q

Mortality rate of Candida spp. is as high as?

A

50%

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17
Q

The most commonly isolated yeast

A

C. albicans

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18
Q

An infection of the mucous membranes in the mouth, is considered a localized infection

A

Thrush (caused by Candida spp.)

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19
Q

Thrush can be seen in?

A

newborns and patients with HIV

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20
Q

These are once believed to not cause a disease

A

Non-Albicans Candida

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21
Q

Common urinary isolate, resistant to antifungal drugs, infections include endocarditis and meningitis, and is higher in older adults than in young adults and children

A

C. glabrata

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22
Q

C. glabrata can be differentiated from C. albicans through?

A

sugar (trehalose) assimilation

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23
Q

Seen in neonates and the second common cause of positive blood culture

A

C. parapsilosis

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24
Q

This organism is positive (+) for Germ tube

A

C. albicans

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25
Q

Microscopically, it reveals budding yeast cells, 2-4 um in diamater

A

Non-Albicans Candida

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26
Q

This shows regular points of constrictions

A

Pseudohyphae

26
Q

This candida spp. has true septate hyphae

A

C. albicans

27
Q

Which candida has a smaller blastoconidia at 1-4 um?

A

C. glabrata

28
Q

Cause meningitis, pulmonary disease and septicemia. Major cause of opportunistic infections w/ AIDS

A

Cryptococcus spp.

28
Q

Causes paronychia, onychomycosis, vulvovaginitis (fish-eye), and thrush

A

Candida spp.

29
Q

Commonly found in soil contaminated with pigeon droppings

A

Cryptococcus spp.

30
Q

Cryptococcus spp. is acquired through?

A

inhalation

31
Q

Most notable pathogen of the Cryptococcus spp.

A

C. neoformans

32
Q

Exhibit polysaccharide capsules that protect it from dry conditions

A

Cryptococcus spp.

33
Q

Most common sample for Cryptococcus spp.

A

CSF

34
Q

Less sensitive and is able to delineates the large capsule due to the inability of the ink to penetrate the capsule

A

India Ink

34
Q

Most widely used method in testing for Cryptococcus spp.

A

India Ink

35
Q

Aside from India ink, what is the other test utilized to test for Cryptococcus spp.

A

Cryptococcal Antigen Detection (CAD)

36
Q

Opportunistic, atypical fungus and acquired in early life

A

Pneumocystis

36
Q

Microscopically, it appears as spherical, single or multiple-budding. Thick walled, 2-15 um diameter, and has a polysaccharide capsule

A

C. neoformans

37
Q

Asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals.

A

Pneumocystis

38
Q

First considered as protozoan (parasite)

A

Pneumocystis

39
Q

What are the two agents of Pneumocystis?

A

P. carinii & P. jirovecii

40
Q

Previously classified as protozoa and is commonly founds in rats

A

P.carinii

41
Q

Often recovered from humans

A

P.jirovecii

42
Q

Sugar fermentation test (turbidity, change in color). This identifies which carbohydrates a yeast can use aerobically as a sole carbon source.

A

Carbohydrate Assimilation

43
Q

Presumptively identify C.albicans, C.tropicalis, and about 10 other species

A

Chromogenic Substrates (CHROMagar Candida)

43
Q

Identification using CHROMagar, is based on different colony colors, depending on the breakdown of ____________ by the different species

A

chromogenic substrates

43
Q

Differential media; morphologic characteristic is possible

A

Chromogenic Substrates

44
Q

Allows identification of morphology of yeasts such as:
- Blastoconidia
- Chlamydoconidia
- Pseudohyphae
- Arthroconidia

A

Cornmeal Agar

45
Q

The characteristic budding yeast forms usually seen on direct mounts of yeasts.

A

Blastoconidia

46
Q

These are produced when the blastoconidia germinate to form a filamentous mat

A

Pseudohyphae

46
Q

The ________ help determine whether the structures are true hyphae or pseudohyphae

A

cross-walls

47
Q

Its cross-walls are constricted and not true septations

A

Pseudohyphae

48
Q

________ remain parallel at cross- walls, with no indentation

A

True hyphae

49
Q

Begin as true hyphae but break apart at the cross walls with maturity

A

Arthroconidia

50
Q

Determine the ability of yeasts to use nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen

A

Potassium Nitrate Assimilation (KNO3)

51
Q

This organism is the +Control in Potassium Nitrate Assimilation (KNO3)

A

Cryptococcus albidus

52
Q

This organism is the -Control in Potassium Nitrate Assimilation (KNO3)

A

C. albicans

52
Q

Detection of isolates producing the enzyme urease is through?

A

Christensen urea agar

53
Q

In this test, clinically significant Candida spp. are negative, while most Cryptococcus are positive

A

Urease

54
Q

Produces chlamydoconidia along with hyphae

A

C. albicans

55
Q

Causes candidiasis in which skin folds are involved

A

Intertriginous candidiasis

56
Q

Affects tissues surrounding the nails

A

Paronychia

57
Q

Affects nails and nail beds

A

Onchomycosis

58
Q

Causes fish eye

A

Vulvovaginitis

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (38 decks)

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