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Anatomy > Cell And Histology > Flashcards

Cell And Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest unit of protoplasm capable of independent existence

Basic structural and functional unit of all organism

A

Cell

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2
Q 
Nucleoid with no nuclear membrane
Circular DNA and RNA
Continuous replication
No membrane bound organelle
70s ribosome (50s and 30s)
No sterol in their membrane (except mycoplasma)
A

Prokaryote

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3
Q 
True nucleus and nuclear membrane
Linear DNA and RNA
G and S phase
Mitochondria and other membrane bound organelle
80s ribosome (60s and 40s)
Sterol in their membrane
A

Eukaryote

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4
Q

Targets 30s RU

A

Aminoglycoside

Tetracycline

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5
Q

Targets 50s subunit

A 
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin (Macrolide)
Lincosamide (Clindamycin)
Linezolid
Streptogramins
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6
Q

Plasmalemma or plasma membrane

Trilaminar structure / unit membrane

A

Cell membrane

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7
Q

Responsible for cellular form and permeability property

A

Phospholipid

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8
Q

Act as recetor, ion pumps and enzymes

A

Proteins

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9
Q

Cell membrane does not allow all susbtances because it is

A

semi permeable

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10
Q

Structure of cell membrane lipid

A

Lipid bilayer

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11
Q

Integrated into entire cell membrane
Traverses cell membrane
Aka

A

Integral protein

Intrinsic protein

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12
Q

Only found in periphery

Aka

A

Peripheral protein

Extrinsic protein

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13
Q

Membrane proteins are globular and float like iceberg in a sea of lipid

A

Fluid Mosaic Model of Singer and Nicholson

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14
Q

Extrinsic protein defective in hereditary spherocytosis

A

Spectrin

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15
Q

Both extrinsic proteins deficient in hereditary spherocytosis

A

Spectrin

Ankyrin

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16
Q

Glycoprotein and polysaccharide covering on external surface of cell membrane

Imparts special identity to each cell type therefore plays important role in HC

A

Glycocalyx

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17
Q

Glycocalyx responsible for identity plays an important role in

A

histocompatibility

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18
Q

Glycocalyx also functions for

A

cell recognition

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19
Q

Largest organelle of cell

Contains genetic material of organism

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

Components of nucleus

A 
Chromatin
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
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21
Q

Site of DNA replication and transcription

Contains all enzymes required for replication and repair of newly synthesized DNA

Transcription and processing of precursor RNA molecules

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

Consists mainly of RNA and protein

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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23
Q

Complex DNA and proteins (histone)

Heterochromatin vs Euchromatin

A

Chromatin

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24
Q

Inactive
condensed/dark
Barr bodies

A

Heterochromatin

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25
Q

Active chromatin, dispersed light

A

Euchromatin

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26
Q

Extensive system of membrane bounded canaliculi

Consists of series of flattened sacs called cisternae arranged in parallel array

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

Outer surface with ribosomes

Synthesis of proteins

A

Rough ER

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28
Q

No ribosomes on membrane

Functions for synthesis of fatty acids, other lipids

Detoxification and metabolism of lipid-soluble exogenous drugs and alcohol

A

Smooth ER

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29
Q

Responsible for further processing concentration and packaging of proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

30
Q

System stacked saucer shaped cisternae

A

Golgi apparatus

31
Q

Golgi apparatus is important in

A

glycosylation
sulfating
phosphorylation
limited proteolysis of proteins

Initiated packing, concentration and storage of secretory products

32
Q

Provides energy for biosynthetic and motor activities of cell

Number depends on size and energy need of cell

A

Mitochondria

33
Q

Principal biochemical activity of mitochondria

Production of ATP coupled to ETC or respi chain

A

oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

Disease associated with mitochondrial genome defect

A

MELAS

Mitochondrial encephalopathy Lactic acidosis and Stroke like Episode

35
Q

Category A: Clinical findings of stroke like episodes

A 
Headache and vomiting
Seizure
Hemiplegia
Cortical blindness and hemianopsia
Acute focal lesion observed via brain imaging
36
Q

Category B: Evidence of Mitochondrial dysfunction

A

High lactate levels in plasma and CSF or deficiency of mitochondrial related enzyme activities
Mitochondrial abnormalities in muscle biopsy
Definitive gene mutation related to MELAS

37
Q

Definitive MELAS

A

Two items of Category A and two items of Category B (4 items or more)

38
Q

Suspicion of MELAS

A

One item of Category A and two items of Category B (at least three items)

39
Q

Round electron dense bodies
Digestive organelles of cell

May be
primary
secondary

A

Lysosome

40
Q

Fusion of primary lysosome with golgi

A

Secondary lysosome

Phagolysosome

41
Q

Membrane bound vesicle contains hydrolytic enzyme

A

Lysosome

42
Q

Membrane bound vesicle involved in beta oxydation of very long chain fatty acids

A

Peroxisome

43
Q

Disorder of beta oxidation of long chain fatty acid by peroxisome

A

Zellweger Syndrome

44
Q

Glycogen storage disease involving defect in lysosomal metabolism

A 
Pompe disease (GS Type II)
Acid Maltase deficiency
Muscle weakness, CV and Respiratory involvement
45
Q

Impaired breakdown of glycogen to glucose in lysosome leading to glycogen accumulation in cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

Pompe disease

46
Q

Key organ involved in Pompe

A

Muscle groups:
cardiac (infantile) HF
proximal skeletal ms (trunk and lower limbs)
respiratory muscles

47
Q

Structural elements of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

48
Q

Largest diameter (25 nm)

A

Microtubules

49
Q

Intermediate sized diameter (10 nm)
Tumor markers
Link between the extracellular matrix, cytoplasm and nucleus

A

Intermediate filament

50
Q

Smallest diameter (7 nm)

A

Actin filament

51
Q

Composed of fine strands of protein actin

Diffusely scattered or arranged in bundles

A

Microfilament

52
Q

Mechanical support for cell
With myosin, muscle contraction
Exocytosis, endocytosis, cytokinesis and structural protein
Microvilli

A

Microfilament

actin (thin)
myosin (thick)

53
Q

Intermediate filament clinical use

A

Tumor marker

54
Q 
Epithelial cell (SCC, Adenocarcinoma)
intermediate filament

esp Lung Ca

A

Cytokeratin

55
Q

Endothelial cell
Vascular smooth muscle
Fibroblast, chondroblast
intermediate filament

A

Vimentin

56
Q

Skeletal and smooth muscle intermediate filament

A

Desmin

57
Q

Neuron intermediate filament

A

Neurofilament

58
Q

Glial cell (astrocyte, oligodendroglia, microglia, Schwann cell, ependymal cell, pituicytes)

A

GFAP

Glial Fibrillar Acidic Protein

59
Q

Inner membrane of nuclear envelope

intermediate filament

A

Laminins A, B, C

60
Q

Changes in intermediate filaments are evident in neurons in

A

Alzheimer’s disease (neurofibrillary tangle) and chronic liver disease (Mallory body)

61
Q

Dynamic structure of cytoskeleton
Arises from centrosome

Functions:

attached to cellular organelles providing means for its movement within the cell

maintenance of cell shape

beating of cilia and flagella

A

Microtubule

62
Q

Function of microfilament is inhibited by

A

Amanita mushroom toxin

63
Q

Microtubule Association Protein

ATPase activity for movement of vesicles (toward axon terminal)

Anterograde transport

A

Kinesin

64
Q

Microtubule Association Protein

ATPase activity toward minus end (cell body)

Retrograde transport

A

Dynein

65
Q

Microtubule Association Protein

ATPase activitt for elongation of nerve axons

A

Dynamin

66
Q

Anti-inflammatory drug acting on microtubule of cells

A

Colchicine

67
Q

Drug of Choice for Acute Gouty Arthritis

Also Mediterranean fever

A

Colchicine

68
Q

Anti cancer drug acting on microtubules of cancer cells

A

Vinblastine (bone marrow)
Vincristine

vinca alkaloid

taxanes

69
Q

Drug acting on microtubules of fungal cells as its MOA

A

griseofulvin

malignant potential

70
Q

Malignancy associated with Griseofulvin

A

Liver and thyroid

Also
Abnormal germ cell maturation
Teratogenicity

71
Q

Syndrome associated with dynein defect

A

Kartagener syndrome

72
Q

Bronchiectasis
Situs inversus/Dextrocardia
Sinusitis

A

Kartagener’s syndrome

Anatomy (13 decks)

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