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Biology (Mona) > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cell?

A

The basic unit of structure and function in the living organism

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2
Q

Differences between animal and plant cells

A

Cell walls vs no cell wall
Large vacuoles vs small temporary vacuoles
Chloroplasts vs no chloroplasts

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3
Q

Cell ultrastructure

A

The structure of a cell as seen with an electron microscope

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4
Q

other name for cell membrane

A

plasma membrane

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5
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

a very thin boundary around the cell

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6
Q

what is the cell membrane composed of?

A

phospholipids and proteins

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7
Q

where is the phosphate in the phospholipid bilayer

A

the heads

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8
Q

where are the lipids in the phospholipid bilayer

A

the tails

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9
Q

hydrophilic part of phospholipid bilayer

A

phosphate

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10
Q

hydrophobic part of phospholipid bilayer

A

lipid

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11
Q

4 functions of the cell membrane

A

retains the cell contents
selectively permeable barrier
has receptor sites
displays antigens

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12
Q

what is the benefit of the cell membrane being a semi permeable barrier

A

allows some molecules to pass through and prevents others

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13
Q

what are the receptor sites in the cell membrane for?

A

for binding with molecules such as hormones

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14
Q

what are antigens

A

molecules that stimulate the formation of antibodies

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15
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

watery cell contents that surround the nucleus

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16
Q

what percentage of the cytoplasm in human cells is made up of water

A

70-90%

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17
Q

3 functions of the cytoplasm

A

supports and separates the organelles
acts as a storage area eg. for food and salt
chemical reactions occur in it

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18
Q

1 example of a chemical reaction that occurs in the cytoplasm

A

glycolysis in respiration

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19
Q

cytosol

A

liquid part of the cytoplasm

cytoplasm without the organelles

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20
Q

when do you say cytosol instead of cytoplasm

A

only when asked for it

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21
Q

what is the largest cell organelle

A

the nucleus

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22
Q

what surrounds the nucleus?

A

a nuclear membrane

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23
Q

what type of membrane is the nuclear membrane?

A

a double membrane

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24
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A

the chromosomes

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25
what are chromosomes composed of?
DNA and protein
26
when are chromosomes visible
when they are dividing
27
what happens to the chromosomes between the divisions
they become uncoiled and form a tagles mass called chromatin
28
3 functions of the nucleus
controls cell structure and function DNA replication and nuclear division controls the formation of mRNA
29
what is the formation of mRNA called
transcription
30
describe the nuclear membrane
a double lipo-protein membrane with pores
31
2 functions of the nuclear membrane
retains the nuclear contents | has pores to allow materials in and out of the nucleus
32
What is a ribosome
a very small organelle
33
what are ribosomes made of
RNA and protein
34
RNA
ribonucleic acid
35
function of ribosomes
protein synthesis
36
Describe the miochondrias appearance
a rod-shaped organelle with 2 membranes
37
outer layer of the mitochondria
outer membrane
38
inner layer of the mitochondria
inner membrane
39
what is on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
cristae
40
the middle of the mitochondria
the matrix
41
Function of the mitochondria
aerobic respiration
42
what is aerobic respiration
the release of energy from food that needs oxygen
43
what does the number of mitochondria in a cell relate to?
the energy requirements of that cell
44
cells that need a lot of energy
have a large number of mitochondria
45
what is the cell wall composed of?
cellulose
46
is the cell wall permeable at all
yes, fully permeable
47
3 fucntions of the cell wall
gives shape to the cekk prevents plants from bursting protects against pathogens
48
why is it important for the cell to have good shape?
gives shape to the whole plant
49
how does the cell wall prevent the plant from bursting
when water is taken in by osmosis it allows the development of turgor
50
what is the large vacuole
a sac surrounded by a membrane
51
what is the large vacuole filled with
fluid called cell sap
52
3 functions of the large vacuole
stores water stores food holds gases
53
why is it important for the vacuole to store water
to make the cell turgid
54
what food does the vacoule store?
sugar, salt, protein, amino acids etc.
55
what gases are held in the vacuole
O2 CO2
56
describe the chloroplast
a green oval-shaped organelle that contains chlorophyll
57
function of the chloroplasts
photosynthesis
58
what is photosynthesis
the making of food using sunlight energy
59
2 types of cells
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
60
2 things that prokaryotic cells dont have
a nucleus | membrane bound organis
61
2 membrane bound organelles
mitochondria and chloroplasts
62
which kingdom do the prokaryotes belong to?
The kingdom monera (bacteria)
63
which kingdoma do the eukaryotes belong to?
protoctista, fungi, plant and animal
64
with what unit are cells measured?
micrometers
65
top part of the microscope
eyepiece
66
what hold the objective lens in place
the nose piece
67
what magnifies the image a lot
objective lens
68
low power lens strength
x10
69
high power lens strength
x40
70
what focuses the image
coarse and fine focus adjustment wheels
71
where do you put the slide
on the stage
72
what adjusts the amount of light passing through the slide
iris diaphragm
73
what illuminates the object
mirror/light bulb
74
what is passed up through the specimen
visible (white) light
75
what do the lenses do?
they bend the light so that the image appears magnified
76
how do you find total magnification
by multiplying the powers of the lenses
77
what is the first thing you do when using a microscope
switch on the lamp
78
which lens do you use first?
the low power lens
79
what do you put on the stage of the microscope?
a prepared slide
80
what do you use the coarse adjustment focus wheel with?
the low power lens
81
what do you use the fine adjustment focus wheel with?
the high power lens
82
what do you swab your cheek with?
a disposable loop
83
what do u cover the sample with 2
drop of water or methelene blue
84
2 reasons for the cover slip
stop the specimen from drying out | protect the lens
85
how do you lower the cover slip
slowly | at 45º angle
86
why do you lower the cover slip at 45º angle
so as not to trap any air bubbles
87
what plant cell do you use
an onion
88
what part of onion do you use
the inner epidermis
89
which stain do you use on a plant cell
iodine

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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