The circulatory system Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
What is the name of the human transport system?
A
the circulatory system
2
Q
what is the circulatory system made up of?
A
the blood system and the lymphatic system
3
Q
what is the blood system made up of?
A
blood tissue
blood vessels
heart
4
Q
what does blood consist of?
A
cells in a watery medium called plasma
5
Q
plasma
A
liquid watery part of the blood
6
Q
function of the plasma
A
transport of blood cells and dissolved substances
7
Q
composition of plasma
A
90% water
10% dissolved substances
8
Q
6 dissolved substances in plasma
A
proteins minerals food excretory products hormones enzymes
9
Q
example of proteins in blood
A
antibodies
10
Q
4 minerals in plasma
A
Na+ Cl-
Ca++
Iron
11
Q
4 food in plasma
A
glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
vitamins
12
Q
3 excretory products in the blood
A
urea
lactic acid
CO2
13
Q
where does urea enter the blood
A
the liver
14
Q
where does lactic acid enter the
A
muscles
15
Q
where does CO2 enter the blood
A
all cells
16
Q
where do hormones enter the blood
A
the endocrine glands
17
Q
3 types of blood cells
A
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
18
Q
red blood cells AKA
A
erythrocytes
19
Q
white blood cells aka
A
leukocytes
20
Q
platelets aka
A
thrombocytes
21
Q
shape of red blood cells
A
biconcave circular disks
22
Q
what do red blood cells not have
A
no nucleus, no mitochondria
23
Q
how do red blood cells fit into capillaries
A
they are flexible cells
24
Q
what do red blood cells have that allows them to carry out their function
A
haemoglobin
25
what is haemoglobin?
an O2 carrying red pigment that has iron
26
where are red blood cells produced?
in the bone marrow of the ribs and pelvis
27
where are old red blood cells broken down?
in the liver and in the spleen
28
lifespan of red blood cells
around three months
29
function of red blood cells
to transport oxygen
30
haemoglobin + oxygen ->
oxyhemoglobin
31
colour of haemoglobin
blue
32
colour of oxyhemoglobin
red
33
anaemia
lack of haemoglobin (low red cell count) may be due to a lack of iron in the diet
34
symptoms of anaemia
pale skin colour
| lack of energy
35
size and count of white blood cells
larger than red blood cells but fewer of them
36
describe the organelles of white blood cells
have a nucleus and a cytoplasm
37
shape of white blood cells
no definite shape
38
where are white blood cells made
down marrow of ribs, pelvis etc.
39
function of white blood cells
protect against disease
40
2 types of white blood cells that we learn about
monocytes and lymphocytes
41
what type of cells are monocytes
phagocytes
42
what makes monocytes phagocytes
their function is to engulf bacteria and viruses
43
size of monocytes
large white blood cells
44
size of lymphocytes
small white blood cells
45
where are lymphocytes also produced?
in the lymph nodes
46
function of lymphocytes
to produce antibodies
47
leukaemia
a form of cancer where there is an increase in the number of immature white cells
48
what do leukaemia lead to?
the inability to fight infection and anaemia
49
shape of platelets
fragments of large cells
50
where are platelets made?
in the bone marrow
51
shape and organelles of platelets
no nucleus, no definite shape
52
function of platelets
blood-clotting
53
function of blood clotting
prevents the loss of blood and the entry of microorganisms
54
thrombosis
a blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel and may block it
55
haemophilia
blood clots cannot form (due to lack of clotting factors)
56
2 functions of blood
transport
| defence against disease
57
7 things that the blood transports
```
food
excretory products
enzymes
hormones
heat
O2
CO2
```
58
2 ways in which white blood cells protect against disease
they engulf foreign bodies
| they produce antibodies
59
1 way in which platelets defend against disease
they cause the clotting of blood, preventing the entry of microorganisms
60
what are the blood groups based on
the antigens based in the blood
61
4 main blood groups
A B AB O
62
antigens in A
A
63
antigens in B
B
64
antigens in AB
A and B
65
antigens in O
A and B absent
66
when is it important to know a persons blood group?
if they are in need of a blood transfusion
67
what happens in the donor and the receiver of blood are different?
agglutination or clumping of cells occurs
68
universal donor
blood group O (negative)
69
Rh
rhesus factor
70
Rh positive
has Rh antigen
71
Rh negative
does not have Rh antigen
72
A+
A and Rh
73
O-
A B and Rh all absent
74
vascular system
blood system
75
system
a group of organ joined together for particular functions
76
what organisms do not require a vascular system?
single-celled organisms
77
why is it ok for amoeba not to have a transport system?
because they are very small
78
why is it good for multicellular organisms to have a transport system
they are larger and have greater metabolic needs
79
type of circulatory system that we have
a closed system
80
what does it mean that we have a closed circulatory system
blood circulates inside vessels
81
where are materials exchanged between the blood and the cells?
in tiny thin-walled vessels called capillaries
82
advantage of a closed system and capillaries
much more efficient
83
In the circulatory system: what does the heart do?
pumps blood into the arteries that carry it to the arterioles and from these it goes into the capillaries
84
In the circulatory system: what do the capillaries do?
in the capillaries in all the organs, exchange of materials takes place between blood and cells
85
In the circulatory system: what do the venules do?
blood is collected by the capillaries by a series of venues that carry it to veins
86
In the circulatory system: what do the veins do?
the veins return the blood to the heart
87
summary of the circulatory system
heart arteries arterioles
capillaries
venules veins heart
88
how thick is a capillary
1 cell thick
89
how many layers in the walls of major blood vessels?
3
90
3 layers of the walls of major blood vessels
tough outer layer of collagen (protein)
middle layer of muscle and elastic fibres
a thin lining called the endothelium
91
function of arteries
to carry blood away from the heart under high pressure
92
2 things that help the blood flow in arteries
thick muscle layer contracts and pushes it on
| elastic fibres can expand and recoil it push it on
93
function of collagen layer in artery
prevents over expansion of the arteries
94
pulse definition
expansion or vibration in an artery caused by the pumping of the heart
95
average pulse rate of a human adult
about 70 bpm
96
where can you feel the pulse
at certain places like the wrist
97
why can you feel the pulse at certain places like the wrist ?
because this is where you would find an artery near the surface
98
function of the veins
carry blood back to the heart under low pressure
99
2 things that help blood flow in veins
valves prevent back flow of blood
| contraction of skeletal muscles of the body squeeze the veins and push the blood on towards the heart
100
which cut can you see the valves of the vein
in the longitudinal section
101
arteriole
small blood vessel branching from an artery
102
venue
small blood vessel branching from a vein
103
3 structural differences between arteries and veins
artery:
wall has thick layer of muscle
small lumen
no valves
104
3 other differences between artery and vein
artery:
carries blood under high pressure
carries blood away from the heart
carries oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery
105
what are capillaries
tiny tubes that link arterioles to venues
106
what occurs in the capillaries
the exchange of materials (food, H2O, gases, waste products etc.) takes place between the blood and the cells
107
2 structural adaptations for exchange in capillaries
thin walls to allow materials to pass in and out with ease
| large surface area-all body cells are close to a capillary
108
where is the heart found?
in the thoracic cavity
109
what protects the heart
the ribcage
110
4 major components of the heart
the septum the atria the ventricles and the valves
111
septum
divides the heart into right and left sides. separates the oxygenated and the deoxygenated blood
112
atria
relatively thin chambers
| receive blood from the veins and pass it into the ventricles
113
ventricles
thick walled chambers that pump blood out of the heart
114
valves in the heart
prevent the back flow of blood when it is under pressure (blood can flow in one direction only)
115
3 valves in the heart
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
semi-lunar valves
116
where could you find the bicuspid valve?
between the left atrium and the left ventricle
117
where could you find the tricuspid valve?
between the right atrium and right ventricle
118
what holds the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to the heart
the chordae tendinae
119
where could you find the semi-lunar valves?
at the base of the pulmonary artery and the base of aorta
120
blood flow on the right side of the heart
```
vena cava (CO2)
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
```
121
blood flow on the left side of the heart
```
pulmonary vein (O2)
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
general body
```
122
What is different about the heart muscle to other muscles of the body?
it never tires
123
what type of pump is the heart?
a double pump
124
Left
oxygenated
125
Right
deoxygenated
126
how many circuits is there from the heart
2
127
2 circuits from the heart
the pulmonary and systemic circuit
128
function of pulmonary circuit
pumps blood to lungs to receive O2
129
pulmonary circuit route
Heart Lungs Heart
130
function of systemic circuit
pumps blood with O2 around the body
131
systemic circuit route
Heart Rest of body Heart
132
2 advantages of double circulation
oxygenated blood separated from deoxygenated blood
| ensures that blood is pumped under sufficient pressure to deliver oxygen al around the body
133
Portal blood system
a vessel that has capillaries at both ends. The blood flows directly from one organ to another without passing through the heart
134
example of a Portal blood system
the hepatic portal vein brings blood (rich in digested food but low in O2) from the digestions to the liver
135
the cardiac cycle
the sequence of events that takes place during the completion of one heartbeat
136
contraction
systole
137
relaxation
diastole
138
what does the cardiac cycle involve?
the rhythmical contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles and the opening and closing and closing of the heart valves so that blood can flow through the heart
139
1 first thing that happens during diastole
blood flows into both atria from the veins
140
2 what happens after the blood flows into both atria
the bicuspid and tricuspid valves open so that the blood can flow into the relaxed ventricles
141
3 what occurs when the heart is full of blood
the atria contract together forcing more blood into the ventricles and then they relax (atrial systole 0.1 seconds)
142
4 a very short time after the atria contract
the ventricles contract (systole), forcing blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta
143
5 what happens when the ventricles contract
the semi-lunar valves open and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close (ventricle systole 0.3 seconds)
144
6 after the semi-lunar valves open and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close
the ventricles relax (diastole)
| semi-lunar valves close to prevent backflow of blood into ventricles
145
7 after the whole process is over
the atria fill up with blood again from the veins
146
the pacemaker
SA node
147
SA
sino atrial
148
where can you find the SA node
in the wall of the right atrium
149
function of SA node
sends out electrical impulses that cause the atria to contract
150
AV node
atrioventricular node
151
where can you find the AV node?
in the septum between the right atrium and right ventricle
152
function of the AV node
send electrical impulses down the septum to cause the ventricles to contract
153
what sets off the AV node
the electrical impulses of the SA node
154
4 factors affecting the rate of the heart beat
```
exercise
excitement
fear
body temperature
drugs
sleep
infection
```
155
blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary circulation
156
from where does the muscle of the heart receive blood?
from the coronary arteries that arise at the base of the aorta
157
where does the blood go after it has gone through the heart muscle
into the coronary veins that return blood to the right atrium
158
blood pressure
the force exerted by the blood against the wall of an artery
159
area of highest blood pressure
the aorta after the left ventricle contracts
160
area of lowest blood pressure
the vena cava leading into the right atrium
161
where is human blood pressure usually taken
in an artery in the upper part of the arm
162
what are they recording with the blood pressure machine
the amount of pressure required to stop the blood flow through this artery
163
higher figure in blood pressure
systolic pressure, when the ventricles contract
164
lower figure in blood pressure
diastolic pressure, when the ventricles are relaxing
165
normal blood pressure reading
120/80
166
2 effects of smoking on the circulatory system
increases heart rate and blood pressure, greater risk of heart attack and stroke
damages endothelium, risk of a blood clot, risk of heart attack or stroke
167
high amount of cholesterol in the diet
formation of blockages in the arteries, greater risk of heart attack or stroke
168
high salt intake in diet
high blood pressure
| increased risk for heart attack and stroke
169
obesity
can cause high blood pressure and heart attacks
170
lack of iron
anaemia (low red cell count)
171
regular and aerobic exercise 2
the heart becomes stronger and more efficient
| the arteries dilate (widen)
172
recovery time
the length of time taken for the pulse rate to return to normal after a period of exercise
173
how is tissue fluid formed?
when blood reaches the arterial end of a capillary it is under high pressure and some plasma leaks out the walls of the capillaries, this is tissue fluid
174
what happens between cells and tissue fluid
exchanges occur eg. food O2 urea
175
most of the tissue fluid goes
back to the capillaries near the venules
176
some of the tissue fluid goes
into the lymph vessels that lie between the cells
177
the tissue fluid that enters the lymph vessels is called
lymph
178
describe lymph
colourless watery fluid
179
2 components of lymph
plamsa and white cells (lymphocytes
180
3 things that blood has that lymph doesn't
red cells
white cells
clotting proteins
181
3 things that make up the lymphatic system
lymph capillaries
lymph vessels
lymph nodes
182
what are lymph nodes
swellings (glands) found along the vessels
183
circulation of lymph
flows in lymph vessels in one direction only, from he tissues to the blood system
184
flow of lymph is maintained by:
valves to prevent backflow
| contraction of skeletal muscles sqeezes the ducts and forcing the lymph
185
2 functions of the lymphatic system
transport
| defence against disease
186
2 things transported in the lymphatic system
plasma
| digested lipids
187
how is plasma collected by the lymph system
leaked under pressure through capillaries and the lymph returns this tissue fluid to the blood
188
function of returning tissue fluid to blood
maintains the volume and concentration of the blood
189
if lymph vessels are blocked
there is a fluid build up and swelling (oedema)
190
where does the lymph absorb the digested lipids?
in the small intestine, in the lymph lacteals un the villi
191
2 ways in which the lymph system can defend against disease
filters the plasma
| produces lymphocytes
192
what does the lymph remove from the plasma
bacteria, viruses, caner cells etc,
193
what happens to the substances filtered out of the blood by the lymph
they are attacked by lymphocytes in the nodes
194
what do lymphocytes do?
they respond to antigens and make specific antibodies
195
what happens to lymph nodes when they are fighting an infection?
they become swollen
196
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| before you begin
put on rubber gloves, wash the heart with cold water and drain it and dry it with paper towels
197
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| how do you find the ventral (front) side
by feeling the walls of the ventricles, the left side will feel much firmer
198
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| how and where do you place to heart
on a dissecting board ventral side up
199
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| first cut
using a scalpel cut the wall of the left atrium and left ventricle
200
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| how to examine structure of left side
using your fingers push open the heart at the first cut
201
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| what can you examine after the first cut?
atrium, ventricle and bicuspid valve
202
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| second cut
same as the first on the right side this time
203
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| 3rd cut
cut open the base of the aorta and find the semi-lunar valve
204
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| 2 openings at the base of the aorta
lead into the coronary arteries
205
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| when you have completed the dissection
flag label the parts identified
206
To dissect and display a sheep's heart
| final step
wash and sterilise instruments and board
