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Immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

3 pathogen that animals must protect themselves against

A

viruses, bacteria and fungi

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2
Q

function of the defence system

A

defend against pathogens

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3
Q

3 things which the general defence system consists of

A

skin
mucous membranes
phagocytes (white blood cells)

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4
Q

function of skin and mucous membranes

A

prevent the entry of microbes

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5
Q

function of phagocytes

A

attack microbes that get into the body

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6
Q

skins physical barrier and function

A

epidermal cells, prevent the entry of bacteria and fungi

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7
Q

skin secretions and functions

A

sweat, sebum

are acidic and inhibit growth of microorganisms

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8
Q

what’s in tears and function

A

lysozome (enzyme) in tears attacks cell wall in bacteria

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9
Q

where are mucous membranes found?

A

in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems

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10
Q

cilia

A

move the mucous up and out to prevent pathogens from entering the lungs

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11
Q

function of respiratory mucous

A

thick fluid that traps pathogens

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12
Q

function of digestive mucous

A

traps microbes

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13
Q

saliva

A

contains lysozome, an enzyme that kills bacteria

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14
Q

HCl in stomach

A

kills most microbes in food

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15
Q

function of reproductive system mucous

A

produces mucous in the vagina to trap microbes

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16
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cells

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17
Q

function of phagocytes

A

the blood cells surround and engulf invading particles and destroy them

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18
Q

the blood cells surround and engulf invading particles and destroy them, what is this called

A

phagocytosis (like in amoeba)

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19
Q

monocytes

A

leave the blood and wander around in the body fluids searching for pathogens

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20
Q

what do white blood cells release? what is the result?

A

chemicals called pyrogens that cause a high temperature to develo throughout the body, fever

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21
Q

what can a fever help to do?

A

inhibit microbes

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22
Q

2 ways we keep microbes out of the body

A

skin and its secretions

mucous membrane lnings and their secretions

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23
Q

what do we do to attack microbes that get into the body

A

phagocytic white blood cells

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24
Q

specific defence system

A

immune system

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25
what is the immune system capable of doing?
recognising and protecting against particular pathogens
26
3 main organs of the specific defence system
spleen thymus gland lymph nodes
27
immunity
ability to resist disease
28
what does the specific immune response depend on?
the production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to antigens
29
antigen
a foreign molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies against it
30
antibodies
defence proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen
31
are antibodies specific
yes, each antibody is specific to a particular antigen
32
PRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ANTIBODIES | first step
lymphocytes recognise a particular antigen and produce a specific antibody against it
33
PRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ANTIBODIES | step 2
antibodies bind with antigens
34
PRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ANTIBODIES | step 3
cell with the antigen is then destroyed
35
PRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ANTIBODIES | final step
antibodies may clump bacteria together and engulfed by phagocytes or antibodies and cause the cell to burst (lysis)
36
induced immunity
the ability to produce antibodies against specific antigens
37
2 types of induced immunity
active or passive
38
active induced immunity
the person produces antibodies and memory cells in response to an infection of invading antigen
39
what gives long lasting protection
active induced immunity
40
2 kinds of active induced immunity
natural and artificial
41
natural active induced immunity
antibodies and memory cells are produced in response to getting and infection eg. flu
42
artificial active induced immunity
antibodies and memory cells are produced in response to a vaccine
43
vaccine
a non-harmful dose of a pathogen introduced into the body and it stimulates the production of antibodies and memory cells (future resistance)
44
passive induced immunity
antibodies produced in another organism are given to the person
45
natural passive induced immunity
antibodies can pass from mother to child through placenta and in breast milk
46
artificial passive induced immunity
antibodies produced in another organism are given to the person, immediate immunity
47
lymphocytes
white blood cells responsible for immunity
48
2 types of lymphocytes
B cells and T cells
49
B cells
mature in the bone marrow
50
T cells
lymphocytes that mature in the thymus gland
51
where are mature B and T cells usually locates?
lymph nodes, spleen and blood
52
function of B cells
recognise a particular antigen and produce antibodies against it
53
what do activated B cells produce
memory cells that live for a long time
54
Memory B cells
remember the antigen so that if they are exposed to the same antigen again they react quickly giving immediate protection ( and can give long term protection eg.measles)
55
do T cells produce antibodies?
no
56
4 types of T cells
helper, killer, suppressor and memory
57
3 functions of helper T cells
recognise antigens and secrete interferon they stimulate B cells to produce antibodies they activate killer T cells
58
Killer T cells
recognise infected cells and secrete a perforin, perforin causes membranes of infected cells to burst
59
suppressor T cells
stop the immune response when an antigen is no longer present, they inhibit the production off B and T cells
60
memory T cells
when exposed to the same antigen that caused their formation they divide rapidly to make new T cells and give immediate protection

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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