Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LEC) > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 things that all cells have in common

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA (genetic material)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which cell,
prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell is a unicellular organism

A

prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the difference btwn prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell

A

prokaryotic- no nucleus but contain genetic materials
eukaryotic- hv nucleus and membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what maintains the cell shape

A

cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which organelle provide energy for all cell activities

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

during cellular respiration, mitochondria makes … to provide energy for all cell activities

A

ATP molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nucleus contains

A

nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are made in the nucleolus

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ribosomes will synthesise proteins when it leaves the…

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where will ribosomes roam at

A

move freely at the cytoplasm
or attach at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the types of ER

A

smooth and rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what type of ER do ribosomes are attached at

A

rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

function of ER

A

it is a membrane enclosed passage way for transporting materials (proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do the protein and the other molecule emerge from the ER

A

in small vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where do the proteins and other materials in the small vesicles are transported to

A

the golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens to the proteins in the golgi apparatus

A

they are customised to forms that cell can be used
by folding into usable shapes or add materials (lipids/ carbs etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which organelle is filled with enzymes

A

lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of enzyme in the lysosome

A

it breaks down this cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nucleus contains…

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the purpose of DNA in the nucleus

A

it dictates what to do and how

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is found inside the nuclear membrane

A

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when the cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into…

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which part of phospolipid is hydrophilic

A

polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which part of the phosholipid is hydrophobic

A

nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the 2 types of protein in the plasma membrane

A

peripheral protein
integral protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define hydrophilic

A

likes water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define hydrophobic

A

does not like water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

glycolipids + glycoproteins =

A

glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

peripheral protein is found on the…

A

peripheral area on the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the difference btwn peripheral and integral protein

A

peripheral- cannot go through the membrane
integral- can go through the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

integral proteins are involved in all kinds of transporting such as

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

why do glucose needs an integral protein to transport in the membrane as

A

it cant squeeze through phospholipids bc they are too big and polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

which phospholipid protein are loosely attached, acts as an enzyme and attached to the cytoskeleton

A

peripheral protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the functions of phospolipid bilayer

A

determines what moves in and out of the cell
cell regulation of ion movement (P.I.S.O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

function of rough ER

A

synthesizing large amounts of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

function of smooth ER

A

site for lipid synthesis
detoxify chemicals (alcohol and meds)
stores calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

which organelle stores calcium

A

smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the 2 types of chromatin

A

euchromatin
heterochromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

which chromatin is loosely packed and has light staining

A

euchromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

which chromatin is tightly packed and has dark staining

A

heterochromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does mRNA stands for

A

messenger ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

mRNA carries…

A

genetic info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

mRNA carries genetic info from… to …

A

nucleus to ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

mRNA travels out to the…
how does it travel out

A

cytoplasm
by travelling on an organelle
(attach to nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

nucleus consists of …

A

nuclear pores
nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

nuclear pores consists of

A

inner and outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the function of nuclear pores

A

it is a passageway where materials can move in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

which organelle produce and process fats and hormones

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

which organelle contains chemicals that get rid of unwanted molecule

A

lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are the cytoskeletal elements

A

microtuble
microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

cyotskeletal elements consist of what structure

A

protein structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the function of cytoskeletal

A

supports cell
hold organelle in place
enable cell to change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

peroxisome contains enzyme that break down

A

fatty acids
amino acids
hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the by product of fatty acids and amino acids breakdown in the peroxisomes

A

hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

are hydrogen peroxide toxic in cell?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

why is blood considered a connective tissue

A

it originated from the mesenchyme

57
Q

what is the function of cilia

A

propels mucus and foreign materials

58
Q

why do cartilage heal slowly

A

as they are avascular

59
Q

Shape and no. of layers of epithelial cells can change if they are subjected to…

A

Long term irritation or other abnormal conditions

60
Q

Structures hold them to each other or

A

To the basement membrane

61
Q

What is the cell connection structure ls that mechanically bind epithelial cell together

A

Desmosomes

62
Q

What binds cells to the basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

63
Q

It is a barrier to movement of molecules or ions between epithelial cells

A

tight conjunctions

64
Q

They allow intercellular communication

A

gap injections

65
Q

What composed of epithelium supported by a network of connective tissues

A

Glands

66
Q

Endocrine produces…

A

Chemicals called hormones

67
Q

What is a ductless glands and an extensive network of blood vessels

A

Endocrine

68
Q

What are exocrine

A

Categorised on the basis of their structure and mode of secretion

69
Q

What refers to the tube in the contact with epithelial tissues free surface

A

Duct

70
Q

What is responsible for producing the secreted material

A

Secretory portion

71
Q

What are the 3 modes of secretion

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

72
Q

What consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellur matrix

A

CT

73
Q

Cells of connective tissues:
“Blasts” create the…

A

Matrix

74
Q

Cells of connective tissues
“Cytes”…

A

Maitain

75
Q

Cells of connective tissues:
“ Clasts”

A

Break it down for remodeling

76
Q

what are the cells function

A

receiving instructions
manufacture
packaging
shipping

77
Q

the function of the cell are that these instructions are exported on long molecules called

A

mRNA

78
Q

nucleus is the cells command centre contains blueprint in the form of

A

containing blueprints in the form of DNA

79
Q

what produces and processes fats and hormones

A

SER

80
Q

what acts as a cell’s clean up crew

A

lysosomes

81
Q

lysosomes contains unwanted molecule to…

A

get rid of unwanted molecules

82
Q

what is the organization points for microtubule

A

centosomes

83
Q

centromes are structures that help…

A

separate DNA during cell division

84
Q

cytoplasm is the space between organelles that is filled with….

A

microtubles

85
Q

mitochondria is where most of the cell’s supply of

A

chemical energy is generated

86
Q

what helps make protein

A

ribosome

87
Q

what cells that have no nuclear membrane and no distinct nucleus

A

prokaryotes

88
Q

prokaryotes are mainly…

A

bacteria and blue-green algae

89
Q

DNA stands for

A

dexoxyribonucleic acid

90
Q

organelles are held in the…

A

cytoplasm

91
Q

a group of organisms whose cells have defined a nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane

A

eukaryotes

92
Q

what are the 3 major components of eukaryotic cells

A

cell membrane
nucleolus
cytoplasm

93
Q

which component of the eukaryotic cells that regulates the transport materials in and out of the cell

A

cell membrane

94
Q

which is the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

A

nucleolus

95
Q

which has a deep staining basophilic area
and
composed of granules, fibrils, chromatin

A

nucleolus

96
Q

what is a semi fluid, colloidal solution in which that chromatin materials and the nucleolus are suspended

A

nucleoplasm

97
Q

what is like a gel like subs enclosed within the cell membrane

A

cytoplasm

98
Q

how many percent do cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells has and are usually in what color

A

70-90 percent
usually colorless

99
Q

what are the 3 endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor

100
Q

“cell eating “
engulfs insoluble extracellular subs

A

phagocytosis

101
Q

“cell drinking”
engulfs small amount of intracellular fluids

A

pinocytosis

102
Q

mediated endoctytosis

A

receptor

103
Q

what controls the cellular activity by regulating RNA synthesis, which regulated the proteins synthesis

A

nucleus

104
Q

which type of chromatin is “dispersed” and “condensed”

A

euchromatin - dispersed
heterochromatin - condensed

105
Q

what has a double membrane that maintains a separate milieu between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

106
Q

what are the 3 parts of nucleolus

A

nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
protein gatekeepers

107
Q

what are the 3 group of structures

A

organelles
cytoplasmic inclusion
cytoskeleton

108
Q

made of coiled dna which is bound to basic proteins called

A

histones

109
Q

what is barr body

A

it inactivated X-chromosomes in the nucleic of female acids

110
Q

in nucleolus of the eukaryotic cells, it is a semi fluid, colloidal solution in which the chromatin materials and the nucleolus are suspended

A

nucleoplasm

111
Q

name some membrane bound organelles

A

nucleus
gogli apparatus
RER
SER
mitrochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
secretory vesicles
chloroplast (in plants)
vacuole (inplant)

112
Q

name some non membrane bound organelles

A

ribosomes
microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments
junctions
centrosomes

113
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions includes…

A

secretory inclusions
nutritive inclusions
pigment granule

114
Q

what is the structures that are generally more transient than organelles and less actively involved in cell metabolism

A

cytoplasmic inclusions

115
Q

cytoskeleton provides the…

A

structural stability for the maintenance of cell shape

116
Q

do proteins in RER modified as they move through RER

A

yes

117
Q

is SER a continuous of RER

A

yes

118
Q

in muscle cells, the SER assist in the..

A

control of muscle contractions

119
Q

in liver the SER..

A

detoxify meds and alcohol

120
Q

meiosis contributes to the..

A

genetic variety

121
Q

mitosis is for…

A

growth and
repair of damage

122
Q

meiosis dont make…
but they make…

A

body cells
sperm cells and eggs

123
Q

what should happen first before meiosis

A

interphase

124
Q

in meiosis, they are not identical to the.. and…

A

the original
and identical to each other

125
Q

in mitosis, to make more cells,
the dna condenses into

A

chromosomes

126
Q

chromosomes are made out of

A

proteins and dna

127
Q

in a nuclei, how many chromosomes are there

A

46

128
Q

do mitosis or meiosis have to duplicate genetic material before splitting

A

mitosis

129
Q

what are centromes

A

it is part of chromosomes
where sister chromatids are held tgt

130
Q

chromatids are strands of…

A

replicated chromosomes

131
Q

what occurs in prophase

A

chromatin becomes strong and thick

132
Q

what occurs in metaphase

A

nucleus has disassembled the chromosomes in the middle

133
Q

what occurs in anaphase

A

chromosomes moves away
moving to opp. sides of the cells

134
Q

what helps the chromosomes moves to the end/ separate them from e/o

A

spindles

135
Q

what are spindles

A

they help chromosomes move away from each other in anaphase

136
Q

spindles are..

A

fibers

137
Q

what phase is called when new nucleic forming on each side , forming new cells

A

telophase

138
Q

what are cytokinesis in telophase

A

it is for final seperation into 2 cells by splitting the cytoplasm

2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LEC) (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions