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2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LEC) > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the muscular system (not in anaphy lab)

A

Respiration
Constrictions of organs and vessels
Contraction of the heart

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2
Q

Which muscle is autorhythmic

A

Cardiac
Smooth (in some smooth muscle)

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3
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscle

A

Body movements

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4
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle

A

Moving food through the digestive tract
Empty urine bladder
Regulate blood vessels diameter
Contract gland ducts

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5
Q

What is the function of the cardiac muscle

A

Pump blood

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6
Q

What are the 2 main aspects to muscle contractions

A

Electrical component and mechanical component

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7
Q

What are the electrical component structures

A

Sarcolemma
Transverse tubles
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

What are the 3 protein filament of myofibrils in muscle cells

A

Actin, myosin, titin

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9
Q

What are the 2 contractile proteins

A

Actin & myosin

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10
Q

Name the elastic protein in the myofilament

A

Titin

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11
Q

What are the 3 protein of thin myofilament

A

Actin, tropomyosin, troponin

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12
Q

The parallel arrangement of myofilaments in a sacromere allows them to

A

Interact which cause muscle contractions

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13
Q

When muscle relaxes, sacromere…

A

Lengthens

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14
Q

What are the functions of the head at the myosin molecule

A
  1. Bind to active site on the actin molecule = cross bridges to contract muscle
  2. Attached to rod portion by a hinge region that bends & straighten during contraction
  3. Breaks down ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)
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15
Q

What is electrically excitable

A

Muscle fibers

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16
Q

Action potential travels from the

A

Brain or spinal cord

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17
Q

Electrically excitable cells are

A

Polarized

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18
Q

What are the 2 ion channels that ions can more across the cell membrane

A

Leak and gated ion channels.

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19
Q

What inhibits the movement of charged particles

A

The hydrophobic environment in the phospholipid interior

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20
Q

What occurs when the excitable cells are stimulated

A

Action potential

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21
Q

The positively charged Na + makes the inside of the cell membrane…

A

Depolarized (more positive)

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22
Q

What is triggered when the depolarization causes the membrane potential to reach threshold

A

Action potential

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23
Q

Action potential produced in thesarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber can lead to…

A

Contraction of the muscle fiber

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24
Q

Where is the Ca 2+ stored?

A

In the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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25
Q

Where is acetylcholine released at

A

Released from the vesicles and into the synaptic cleft.

(At the presynaptic terminal, acetylcholine storage occurs within the presynaptic vesicles)

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26
Q

Release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle) will produce an…

A

Action potential in the sarcolemma

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27
Q

What occurs when acetylcholine is no longer released at the neuromuscular function

A

Muscle relaxation

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28
Q

The lack of… along the sarcolemma stops… release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Action potential
Ca 2+

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29
Q

keeps acetylcholine from accumulating within the synaptic cleft where it would act as a constant stimulus at the motor end-plate, producing continuous contraction in the muscle fiber.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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30
Q

the mechanical component of muscle contraction

A

Cross-Bridge Movement

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31
Q

Cross-BridgeMovement cause the sarcomeres to

A

shorten and the muscle will contract

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32
Q

Response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential along its motor neuron

A

Muscle Twitch

33
Q

the gap between the time of stimulus application to the motor neuron and the beginning of contraction

A

Lag phase/latent phase

34
Q

It commences once the Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates cross-bridge formation and cross-bridge cycling.

A

Contraction phase

35
Q

much longer than the contraction phase, because the concentration of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm decreases slowly due to active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Relaxation phase

36
Q

are isotonic contractions in which tension in the muscle is great enough
to overcome the opposing resistance, and the muscle shortens

A

Concentric contraction

37
Q

are isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained in a muscle but the opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase in length

A

Eccentric contraction

38
Q

Two major types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers (Type I)
Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers (Type II)

39
Q

contract more slowly, have a better-developed blood supply, have more mitochondria, and are more fatigue-resistant than fast- twitch muscle fibers

A

Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers

40
Q

have a less-well-developed blood supply, have very little myoglobin, fewer and smaller mitochondria, contract rapidly for a shorter time and fatigue relatively quickly

A

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers (type II)

41
Q

What are the 2 types of Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers (type II)

A

Fast - Twitch oxidative glycolytic (type ii a)
Fast-twitch glyolytic (type iib)

42
Q

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have a high myoglobin

A

SO
FOG

43
Q

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have low myoglobin content

A

FG

44
Q

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have many mitochondria

A

SO
FOG

45
Q

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have few mitochondria

A

FG

46
Q

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have many capillaries

A

SO
FOG

47
Q

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have few capillaries

A

FG

48
Q

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have high aerobic metabolism

A

SO

49
Q

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have intermediate metabolism

A

FOG

50
Q

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have low metabolism

A

FG

51
Q

Temporary state of reduced work capacity

A

Muscle fatigue

52
Q

Acidosis and ATP depletion due to either an

A

increased ATP consumption or a decreased ATP production

53
Q

characterized by the buildup of excess reactive oxygen species

A

Oxidative stress

54
Q

It is a local inflammatory reactions

A

Muscle fatigue

55
Q

Highly repetitive eccentric muscle contractions produce pain more readily than concentric contractions

A

Muscle soreness

56
Q

In people with exercise-induced muscle soreness, enzymes that are normally found inside muscle fibers can be detected in the

A

extracellular fluid

57
Q

They contain less actin and myosin than skeletal muscle cells

A

Smooth muscle

58
Q

Muscle is connected to the bone by a

A

Tendon

59
Q

the most stationary, or fixed, end of the muscle

A

Origin

60
Q

end of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement

A

Insertion

61
Q

Members of a group of muscles working together to produce a
movement

A

Synergist

62
Q

plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement

A

Prime mover

63
Q

are muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while
a usually more distal bone is moved

A

Fixators

64
Q

Identify the fascicles arrangement:
Fascicles arranged in a circle around an opening, act as a sphincters to close the opening

A

Circular

65
Q

Identify the fascicles arrangement:
Broadly distributed fascicles convergent at a single tendon

A

Convergent

66
Q

Identify the fascicles arrangement:
Fascicles lie parallel to one another and to the long axis of the muscles

A

Parallel

67
Q

What are the effects of Aging

A

Reduction in muscle mass
lower response time for muscle contraction
Reduction in stamina
Increased recovery time
Loss of muscle fibers begins as early as 25 years of age, and by age 80 the muscle mass has been reduced by approximately 50%

68
Q

The DMD gene is responsible for producing a protein called

A

dystrophin

69
Q

Identify the pathophysiology:
Painful, spastic contractions of a muscle
Usually due to build up of lactic acid

A

Cramps

70
Q

Identify the pathophysiology:
Widespread pain in muscles with no cure
Aka chronic muscle pain syndrome

A

Fibromyalgia

71
Q

Identify the pathophysiology:
Decrease in muscle size due to a decrease no. Of myofilament

A

Atrophy

72
Q

Identify the pathophysiology:
Enlargement of a muscle due to an increased no. Of myofibrils as occur with increased muscle use

A

Hypertrophy

73
Q

Identify the pathophysiology:
Group of genetic disorder in which all types of muscle degenerate and atrophy

A

Muscular dystrophy

74
Q

Identify the pathophysiology:
Muscles are weak and fail to relax following forceful contractions
Affects the hand most severely

A

Mythic muscular dystrophy

75
Q

Identify the pathophysiology:
Inflammation of a tendon or its attachment point, due to overuse of the muscle

A

Tendinitis

76
Q

Identify the pathophysiology:
Results from an abnormal gene on the X chromosome and is therefore a sex - linked condition

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

77
Q

Loss of muscle fibers begins as early as

A

25

78
Q

By the age at 80, the muscle mass has been reduced by approximately…

A

50%

2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LEC) (15 decks)

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