Muscular System Flashcards by claire perez

Functions of the muscular system (not in anaphy lab)

Respiration
Constrictions of organs and vessels
Contraction of the heart

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Which muscle is autorhythmic

Cardiac
Smooth (in some smooth muscle)

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What is the function of the skeletal muscle

Body movements

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What is the function of the smooth muscle

Moving food through the digestive tract
Empty urine bladder
Regulate blood vessels diameter
Contract gland ducts

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What is the function of the cardiac muscle

Pump blood

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What are the 2 main aspects to muscle contractions

Electrical component and mechanical component

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What are the electrical component structures

Sarcolemma
Transverse tubles
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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What are the 3 protein filament of myofibrils in muscle cells

Actin, myosin, titin

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What are the 2 contractile proteins

Actin & myosin

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Name the elastic protein in the myofilament

Titin

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What are the 3 protein of thin myofilament

Actin, tropomyosin, troponin

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The parallel arrangement of myofilaments in a sacromere allows them to

Interact which cause muscle contractions

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When muscle relaxes, sacromere…

Lengthens

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What are the functions of the head at the myosin molecule

Bind to active site on the actin molecule = cross bridges to contract muscle
Attached to rod portion by a hinge region that bends & straighten during contraction
Breaks down ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)

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What is electrically excitable

Muscle fibers

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Action potential travels from the

Brain or spinal cord

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Electrically excitable cells are

Polarized

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What are the 2 ion channels that ions can more across the cell membrane

Leak and gated ion channels.

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What inhibits the movement of charged particles

The hydrophobic environment in the phospholipid interior

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What occurs when the excitable cells are stimulated

Action potential

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The positively charged Na + makes the inside of the cell membrane…

Depolarized (more positive)

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What is triggered when the depolarization causes the membrane potential to reach threshold

Action potential

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Action potential produced in thesarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber can lead to…

Contraction of the muscle fiber

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Where is the Ca 2+ stored?

In the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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Where is acetylcholine released at

Released from the vesicles and into the synaptic cleft. (At the presynaptic terminal, acetylcholine storage occurs within the presynaptic vesicles)

Release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle) will produce an...

Action potential in the sarcolemma

What occurs when acetylcholine is no longer released at the neuromuscular function

Muscle relaxation

The lack of... along the sarcolemma stops… release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Action potential Ca 2+

keeps acetylcholine from accumulating within the synaptic cleft where it would act as a constant stimulus at the motor end-plate, producing continuous contraction in the muscle fiber.

Acetylcholinesterase

the mechanical component of muscle contraction

Cross-Bridge Movement

Cross-BridgeMovement cause the sarcomeres to

shorten and the muscle will contract

Response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential along its motor neuron

Muscle Twitch

the gap between the time of stimulus application to the motor neuron and the beginning of contraction

Lag phase/latent phase

It commences once the Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates cross-bridge formation and cross-bridge cycling.

Contraction phase

much longer than the contraction phase, because the concentration of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm decreases slowly due to active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Relaxation phase

are isotonic contractions in which tension in the muscle is great enough to overcome the opposing resistance, and the muscle shortens

Concentric contraction

are isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained in a muscle but the opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase in length

Eccentric contraction

Two major types of skeletal muscle fibers

Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers (Type I) Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers (Type II)

contract more slowly, have a better-developed blood supply, have more mitochondria, and are more fatigue-resistant than fast- twitch muscle fibers

Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers

have a less-well-developed blood supply, have very little myoglobin, fewer and smaller mitochondria, contract rapidly for a shorter time and fatigue relatively quickly

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers (type II)

What are the 2 types of Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers (type II)

Fast - Twitch oxidative glycolytic (type ii a) Fast-twitch glyolytic (type iib)

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have a high myoglobin

SO FOG

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have low myoglobin content

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have many mitochondria

SO FOG

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have few mitochondria

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have many capillaries

SO FOG

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have few capillaries

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have high aerobic metabolism

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have intermediate metabolism

FOG

Which characteristic of skeletal muscle fiber that have low metabolism

Temporary state of reduced work capacity

Muscle fatigue

Acidosis and ATP depletion due to either an

increased ATP consumption or a decreased ATP production

characterized by the buildup of excess reactive oxygen species

Oxidative stress

It is a local inflammatory reactions

Muscle fatigue

Highly repetitive eccentric muscle contractions produce pain more readily than concentric contractions

Muscle soreness

In people with exercise-induced muscle soreness, enzymes that are normally found inside muscle fibers can be detected in the

extracellular fluid

They contain less actin and myosin than skeletal muscle cells

Smooth muscle

Muscle is connected to the bone by a

Tendon

the most stationary, or fixed, end of the muscle

Origin

end of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement

Insertion

Members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement

Synergist

plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement

Prime mover

are muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved

Fixators

Identify the fascicles arrangement: Fascicles arranged in a circle around an opening, act as a sphincters to close the opening

Circular

Identify the fascicles arrangement: Broadly distributed fascicles convergent at a single tendon

Convergent

Identify the fascicles arrangement: Fascicles lie parallel to one another and to the long axis of the muscles

Parallel

What are the effects of Aging

Reduction in muscle mass lower response time for muscle contraction Reduction in stamina Increased recovery time Loss of muscle fibers begins as early as 25 years of age, and by age 80 the muscle mass has been reduced by approximately 50%

The DMD gene is responsible for producing a protein called

dystrophin

Identify the pathophysiology: Painful, spastic contractions of a muscle Usually due to build up of lactic acid

Cramps

Identify the pathophysiology: Widespread pain in muscles with no cure Aka chronic muscle pain syndrome

Fibromyalgia

Identify the pathophysiology: Decrease in muscle size due to a decrease no. Of myofilament

Atrophy

Identify the pathophysiology: Enlargement of a muscle due to an increased no. Of myofibrils as occur with increased muscle use

Hypertrophy

Identify the pathophysiology: Group of genetic disorder in which all types of muscle degenerate and atrophy

Muscular dystrophy

Identify the pathophysiology: Muscles are weak and fail to relax following forceful contractions Affects the hand most severely

Mythic muscular dystrophy

Identify the pathophysiology: Inflammation of a tendon or its attachment point, due to overuse of the muscle

Tendinitis

Identify the pathophysiology: Results from an abnormal gene on the X chromosome and is therefore a sex - linked condition

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Loss of muscle fibers begins as early as

By the age at 80, the muscle mass has been reduced by approximately…

50%

Muscular System Flashcards

(78 cards)