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2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LEC) > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands and cells secrete very small amounts of chemical messengers called

A

hormones

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2
Q

hormones circulate through the bloodstream to specific sites
called

A

target tissues / effector

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3
Q

it is produced by the nervous system and others produced by the endocrine system

A

chemical messengers

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4
Q

chemical messengers allows cell to communicate with each other to …

A

regulate body activities

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5
Q

what are the 4 classes of chemical messengers

A

paracrine CM
autocrine CM
endocrine CM
neurotransmitter

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6
Q

identify the classes of chemical messenger:
chemical messengers secreted by neurons that activate an adjacent cell

A

neurotransmitter

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7
Q

identify the classes of messenger:
are secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells, which together constitute the endocrine system

A

endocrine CM

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8
Q

identify the classes of messenger:
act locally on neighboring cells

A

paracrine CM

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9
Q

identify the classes of messenger:
travel through the blood to their target cells

A

endocrine CM

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10
Q

identify the classes of messenger:
secreted by one cell type into the extracellular fluid and affect surrounding cells

A

paracrine CM

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11
Q

identify the classes of messenger:
stimulates the cell that originally secreted it

A

autocrine CM

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12
Q

an example of autocrine chemical messenger

A

WBC

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13
Q

an example of paracrine chemical messenger

A

histamine

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14
Q

what are the 2 important control system of the body

A

nervous system
endocrine system

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15
Q

what are the 2 categories of hormones

A

lipid-soluble hormone
water-soluble hormone

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16
Q

its transport in the blood, its interaction with its target and its removal from the body

A

hormone’s metabolism

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17
Q

identify the chemical categories hormones:
nonpolar

A

lipid-soluble hormones

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18
Q

identify the chemical categories hormones:
polar

A

water-soluble hormone

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19
Q

examples of water soluble hormones

A

protein hormones
peptides hormones
amino acids derivatives hormones

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20
Q

examples of lipid soluble hormones

A

steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
fatty acid derivatives hormone

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of stimuli regulate hormone release

A

neural
hormonal
humoral

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22
Q

it is where molecules and ions in the bloodstream can directly stimulate the release of some hormones

A

stimulation of hormonal release

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23
Q

true or false
this is an example of stimulation of hormone release:
Elevated blood glucose levels directly stimulating the pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin
Elevated blood potassium levels directly stimulating the adrenal cortex to secrete the hormone aldosterone

A

true

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24
Q

what are the 3 inhibition of hormone release

A

neural
hormonal
humoral

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25
Q

it occurs when a hormone is secreted which stimulates the secretion of another hormone

A

hormonal stimuli

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26
Q

it is the secretion of stimulatory neurotransmitter and into and out of the endocrine cell and finally into the capillaries

A

neural stimuli

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27
Q

ANP

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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28
Q

when there is a raise of blood pressure -
when there is a decrease in blood pressure -

A
  • atria of the heart secretes hormone (ANP)
  • adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone
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29
Q

identify the type of release of inhibition of release:
if the neurotransmitters in inhibitory, the target endocrine gland does not secrete its hormone

A

neural stimuli

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29
Q

______ and ______ work together to maintain the homeostasis of the body.
this is called the inhibition of hormone release by ______

A

aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide
humeral stimuli

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30
Q

identify the type of release of inhibition of release:
some hormones prevent the secretion of other hormones

A

hormonal stimuli

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31
Q

'’hormones from the hypothalamus that prevent the secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland -inhibiting hormones “ this example is an example of..

A

inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli

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32
Q

endocrine system consists of _____ that secretes hormones into the ______

A

ductless glands
interstitial fluid

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33
Q

pituitary gland is also called as

A

hypophysis

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34
Q

it is a small gland about the size of a pea

A

the pituitary gland

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35
Q

this gland serves as the control system for the autonomic nervous system (cells that originally secreted it) as well as the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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36
Q

pituitary gland is divided into 2 parts

A

anterior pituitary gland
posterior pituitary gland

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37
Q

hormones secreted by posterior pituitary gland

A

oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone

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38
Q

hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
growth hormone
gonadotropic hormone (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone)
prolactin
melanocyte- stimulating hormone

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39
Q

the anterior pituitary gland ____________, whose secretion is under the control of hypothalamus

A

synthesis hormones

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40
Q

identify the hormone: stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by increasing gene expressions

A

growth hormone

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41
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
Too little growth hormone secretion resulting from abnormal development of the pituitary gland

A

pituitary dwarf

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42
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
Excess growth hormone is present before bones finish growing in length; exaggerated bone growth which results to an abnormally tall individual

A

giantism

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43
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
If excess hormone is secreted after growth in bone length is complete, growth continues in bone

A

acromegaly

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44
Q

acromegaly is where the _____ and ____ become abnormally large

A

facial features
hand

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45
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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46
Q

identify the hormone:
increases the secretion of a hormone from the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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47
Q

ACTH is required to keep the adrenal cortex from

A

degenerating

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48
Q

it binds to melanocytes in the skin

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

49
Q

identify the hormone:
regulate the growth, development and functions of the gonads.

A

gonadotropin hormones

50
Q

what are the 2 major gonadotropin hormone

A

follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone

51
Q

identify the hormone:
stimulates ovulation; promotes the secretion of the reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone, from the ovaries; stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete the reproductive hormone testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone

52
Q

identify the hormone: stimulates the development of follicles

A

follicle stimulating hormone

53
Q

identify the hormone: helps promote development of the breast during pregnancy and stimulates the production of milk following pregnancy

A

prolactin

54
Q

identify the hormone:
binds to membrane-bound receptors on melanocytes and causes them to synthesize melanin

A

melanocyte- stimulating hormone

55
Q

antidiuretic hormone is also called:

A

vasopressin

56
Q

identify the hormone:
binds to membrane-bound receptors and increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules

A

antidiuretic hormone

57
Q

antidiuretic hormone increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules which resulted in __________

A

less water lost

58
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
lack of ADH secretion causing production of a large amount of dilute urine

A

diabetes insipidus

59
Q

identify the hormone:
binds to membrane-bound receptors and causes contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the uterus as well as milk letdown from the breasts in lactating women

A

oxytocin

60
Q

what are the hormones produced by thyroid gland

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
calcitonin

61
Q

the thyroid gland contains numerous

A

thyroid follicles

62
Q

the thyroid gland requires ______ to synthesize thyroid hormones.

A

iodine

63
Q

how many iodine atoms are there in
triiodothyronine-
tetraiodothyronine-

A

triiodothyronine- 3
tetraiodothyronine- 4

64
Q

Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by hormones from both the _________ and _________.

A

pituitary and hypothalamus

65
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
lack of thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

66
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
hypothyroidism ln infants; characterized by developmental delay, short stature, and abnormally formed skeletal structures

A

cretinism

67
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion

A

hyperthyroidism

68
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
the lack of thyroid hormones results in a decreased metabolic rate, which can result in low body temperature, weight gain, reduced appetite, and lethargy

A

hypothyroidism

69
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism

A

grave’s disease

70
Q

identify the pathophysiology:
causes an increased metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, and chronic fatigue

A

hyperthyroidism

71
Q

hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

A

calcitonin

72
Q

calcitonin is secreted by the _______ of the thyroid glands

A

parafollicular cells

73
Q

it is secreted if the blood concentration of Ca2T+ becomes too high to lower the blood Ca2+ levels to return to their normal range

A

calcitonin

74
Q

it is the four tiny glands embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid

A

parathyroid gland

75
Q

hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland

A

parathyroid hormones

76
Q

identify the hormone:
it is essential for regulation of blood calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormones

77
Q

what are the effects of parathyroid gland

A

increase the levels of the active vitamin D formation
increase the blood Ca2+ levels
decrease loss of Ca2+ in the urine

78
Q

decreasing blood Ca2+ levels stimulate an ______ in PTH secretion

A

increase

79
Q

increasing blood Ca2+ levels stimulate an ______ in PTH secretion

A

decrease

80
Q

two small glands located superior to each kidney

A

adrenal glands

81
Q

inner part of the adrenal cortex

A

adrenal medulla

82
Q

outer part of the adrenal cortex

A

adrenal cortex

83
Q

what are the 2 major hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine

84
Q

it is the fight or flight hormones

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine

85
Q

it is also known as the adrenaline hormone

A

epinephrine

86
Q

adrenal cortex secretes ______ hormones

A

steroid hormones

87
Q

what are the 3 classes of steroid hormones of the adrenal hormones

A

glucocorticoid (cortisol)
mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
adrenal androgen

88
Q

identify the steroid hormones: regulate ion balance in the blood; increases the rate of Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys

A

mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

89
Q

identify the steroid hormones:
provide energy for cells by stimulating the increased use of lipids and proteins; increase blood glucose levels and glycogen deposits in cells

A

glucocorticoid (cortisol)

90
Q

identify the steroid hormones:
stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics

A

adrenal androgens

91
Q

Consists of pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A

pancreas

92
Q

what are the 3 cell types of the islet of Langerhans cells

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells

93
Q

 Alpha cells-
 Beta cells-
 Delta cells-

A

 Alpha cells- glucagon
 Beta cells- insulin
 Delta cells- somatostatin

94
Q

somatostatin is also known as

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone

95
Q

released by the delta cells in response to food intake

A

somatostatin

96
Q

released by beta cells when blood glucose levels are elevated

A

insulin

97
Q

released from the alpha cells when blood glucose levels are low

A

glucagon

98
Q

inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon and inhibits the gastric tract activity

A

Somatostain

99
Q

it is the body’s inability to regulate blood glucose levels within the normal range.

A

diabetes mellitus

100
Q

what are the types of diabetes mellitus

A

type 1
type 2

101
Q

identify the type of diabetes mellitus:
occurs when too little insulin is secreted from the pancreas

A

type 1

102
Q

identify the type of diabetes mellitus:
caused by either too few insulin receptors on target cells or defective receptors on target cells

A

type 2

103
Q

testes and ovaries secretes ______ hormones

A

reproductive

104
Q

hormones produced by testes and ovaries play important roles in the development of ______

A

sexual characteristics

105
Q

it is the main reproductive hormone in the male

A

testerone

106
Q

testes secretes what hormones

A

testerone

107
Q

testosterone regulates the production of _____ by the testes

A

sperm cell

108
Q

identify the hormone:
develops and maintains male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics

A

testosterone

109
Q

identify the hormone:
control the female reproductive cycle

A

estrogen and progesterone

110
Q

estrogen and progesterone:
- maintain _____
- prepare the mammary glands for _____

A

pregnancy
lactation

111
Q

it is responsible for the development of the female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics

A

estrogen and progesterone

112
Q

it lies in the upper part of the thoracic cavity

A

thymus

113
Q

thymus is important in the function of ______

A

the immune system

114
Q

thymus secretes ______

A

thymosin

115
Q

thymosin aids in the development of _____

A

white blood cells (T cells)

116
Q

it aids the development of WBC

A

thymosin

117
Q

it is a small, pinecone-shaped structure located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain

A

pineal gland

118
Q

pineal gland produces ____

A

melatonin

119
Q

it helps regulate the onset of puberty by acting on the hypothalamus

A

melatonin

2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LEC) (15 decks)

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