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2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LEC) > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

group of cells with similar structure and function

A

tissues

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2
Q

what are the 4 primary types of tissues

A

epithelium
connective tissues
muscle tisues
nervous tissues

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3
Q

study of tissue

A

histology

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4
Q

removing tissue samples from patients

A

biopsy

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5
Q

what is the plural of epithelium

A

epithelia

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6
Q

where can epithelium be found

A

body covering (skin)
body linings
glandular tissues (glands of the body)

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7
Q

what are the functions of the epithelium

A

protection
absorption
filtration
secretion

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8
Q

what are the 3 classification of epithelia

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of epithelial shape cells

A

squamous (flattened)
cuboidal (cube-shaped)
columnar (column like)

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10
Q

what is the function of simple squamous

A

allow passage of materials by diffusion

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11
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal

A

secretion and absorption

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12
Q

what is the function of a simple columnar

A

absorption
secretion of mucus
enzymes and other substance

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13
Q

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar

A

synthesize and secretes mucus onto the free surface

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14
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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15
Q

what is the function of transitional tissue

A

stretches readily and permits distension

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16
Q

what tissues can be found in lines body cavities and lines lung and capillaries

A

simple squamous epithelium tissue

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17
Q

what tissues can be found in
kidneys (specifically in kidney tubles and ducts )
ovaries

A

simple cuboidal epithelium tissue

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18
Q

what tissues can be found in
digestive tract
gall bladder
excretory ducts

A

non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium tissue

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19
Q

what tissues can be found in
male’s sperm
trachea (upper respiratory tract)

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue

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20
Q

what tissues can be found in the epidermis of the skin

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium tissue

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21
Q

what tissues can be found in the moist lining of
esophagus
mouth
vagina

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium tissue

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22
Q

what tissues can be found in large glands
(sweat glads, mammary glands)

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue and stratified olumnar eithelium tissue

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23
Q

what tissues can be found in
uterus
bladder
part of the urethra

A

transitional epithelium tissue

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24
Q

which epithelium tissue is a flat cells

A

simple squamous epithelium tissue

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25
Q

which epithelium tissue is a cube-like cells

A

simple cuboidal epithelium tissue

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26
Q

which epithelium tissue is a single layer of tall cells

A

simple columnar epithelium tissue

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27
Q

which epithelium tissue is a single layer but some cells are shorter than the others

A

pseudo stratified epithelium tissue

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28
Q

what is the main function of stratified epithelium

A

protection

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29
Q

which epithelium tissue resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal

A

transitional epithelium tissue

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30
Q

the study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes

A

pathophysiology

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31
Q

what are the 3 pathophysiology

A

clue cell
celiac spruce or gluten
ductal carcinoma

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32
Q

which pathophysiology can cause infection in the gardenerella

A

clue cell

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33
Q

which pathophysiology sensitive enteropathy

A

celiac spruce
( is an immune reaction to eating gluten) thus abnormality of appearance

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34
Q

which pathophysiology can affect the breask milk, abnormal formation of cells

A

ductal carcinoma

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35
Q

what are the 3 elements of connective tissues

A

ground substance
fibers
cells

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36
Q

which main elements in the CT has extracellular matrix

A

grounds subs
fibers

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37
Q

what are the functions of CT

A

binds body tissue tgt
supports the body
provides protection

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38
Q

what are the 3 major components of extracellular matrix

A

protein fibers
ground substance
fluid

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39
Q

what are the 3 types of protein fibers

A

collagen
recticular
elastic

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40
Q

which CT has a gel like substance and has fibers

A

embryonic tissues

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41
Q

what type of cells can be found in the embryo

A

embryonic connective tissues

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42
Q

what are the 4 main class of CT

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone tissue
blood

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43
Q

types of loose CT

A

areolar
adipose
recticular

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44
Q

types of dense CT

A

dense regular
dense irregular
elastic

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45
Q

types of bone CT

A

compact
spongy

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46
Q

types of blood CT

A

WBC
RBC
platelets

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47
Q

what is the function of areolar CT

A

wraps and cushion organs
holds and conveys tissue fluid
macrophages phagocytize bacteria
important role in inflammation

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48
Q

what is the function of recticular CT

A

the fibers form internal skeleton
(supports other cell types fr eg WBC)

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49
Q

what is the function of adipose CT

A

reserve food fuel
insulate against heat loss
supports and protect organs

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50
Q

what kind of dense CT is closely packed bundles of collagen fibers

A

dense regular CT

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51
Q

what kind of dense CT that contains thick nbundles of collagen fibers arranged in irregular fashion

A

dense irregular fasion

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52
Q

what kind of CT that tendons and ligaments can be found

A

dense regular CT

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53
Q

what kind of CT that
dermis of skin
submucosa of digestive tract
fibrous capsule of organs and joints
can be found

A

dense irregular CT

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54
Q

what kind of CT that
the dorsal aspect of neck, vocal chords, blood vessels walls
can be found

A

elastic CT

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55
Q

what is the function of dense regular CT

A

attach muscles to bones/ muscles
attach bones to bones
withstand great tensile

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56
Q

what is the function of elastic CT

A

able to stretch and recoil w strength in the direction of the fiber orientation

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57
Q

what is the function of dense irregular CT

A

able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
provides structural strength

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58
Q

why do cartilage heal slowly when injured

A

as it is avascular

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59
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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60
Q

which cartilage is less firm than hyaline

A

fibrocartilage

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61
Q

in hyaline cartilage, what produces the matrix

A

chondroblasts

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62
Q

what kind of cartilage, can this be found:
costal cartilage of ribs
cartilage of nose
trachea and larynx

A

hyaline cartilage

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63
Q

what kind of cartilage, can this be found:
external ear (pinna)
epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

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64
Q

what kind of cartilage, can this be found:
intervertbral discs
pubic symphysis
discs of knee joints

A

fibrocartilage

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65
Q

what are the 2 cartilage are the most abundant

A

elastic and hyaline cartilage

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66
Q

which cartilage is the most abundant but has more elastic fibre in matrix

A

elastic cartilage

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67
Q

what are the functions of elastic

A

provides elasticity
maintains shape of a structure while allowing great flexibilty

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68
Q

what are the functions of hyaline cartilage

A

supports and reinforce
cushion properties
resists comprehensive stress

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69
Q

what are the functions of fibrocartilage

A

has tensile strength: ability to absorb compressive shock

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70
Q

bone is also known as

A

osseous tissue

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71
Q

what are the bone functions

A

bone supports and protects
stores calcium and other minerals and fats
site for cell formation (hematopesis)

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72
Q

define osteoblasts in bones

A

immature bone cells

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73
Q

define osteocytes in bones

A

mature bone cells

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74
Q

what is found in the fluid within the blood vessels

A

blood

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75
Q

identify what is atypical CT
(cannot connect things or give support)

A

blood

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76
Q

why is blood classified as a CT

A

as it develops mesenchyme and
consist of blood cells (surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix)

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77
Q

what can be found in the fluid matrix in the plasma

A

red or white blood cells

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78
Q

what is the function of blood

A

transport gases, nutrients waste and other substances

79
Q

blood can be found within the

A

blood vessels

80
Q

what are the 5 types of WBC

A

lymphocytes
eosinophil
monocytes
basohil
neuotrophils

81
Q

what is the main component of the nervous system

A

nervous tissue

82
Q

what are the 2 types of nervous tissue

A

neurons
supporting cells

83
Q

what type of cells in the nervous tissue that
generate and conduct electrical impulse

A

neurons cells

84
Q

what type of cells in the nervous tissues that
has a non conductive cell
support, insulate and protect the neurons

A

supporting cells

85
Q

what is the function of the nervous tissue

A

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors

86
Q

nervous tissue can be located at

A

brain
spinal cord
nerve

87
Q

neuron cells are what kind of cells ? (branching or contributing to nervous system)

A

branching cells

88
Q

supporting cells are what kind of cells ? (branching or contributing to nervous system)

A

contributing to nervous system

89
Q

what tissues that are
highly cellular
well vasularizes tissues that is responsible for the movement

A

muscle tissues

90
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissues

A

skeletal muscle tissues
cardiac muscle tissues
smooth muscle tissues

91
Q

which muscle tissue
-transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors. (voluntary movement)
-locomotion
-facial expression

A

skeletal muscle tissues

92
Q

which muscle tissue
propels the blood to the circulation
involuntary control

A

cardiac muscle tissues

93
Q

which muscle tissues
propels substances
have an involuntary control

A

smooth muscle tissues

94
Q

which muscle tissue has
cells that are large, long and cylindrical w many nucleui

A

skeletal muscle tissues

95
Q

which muscle tissue has
cylindrical and striated and have a single nucleus

A

cardiac muscle tissues

96
Q

which muscle tissue that are not striated and have a single nucleus

A

smooth muscle tissues

97
Q

skeletal muscle tissues can be found in

A

attached to bones
ocassionally to the skin

98
Q

cardiac muscle tissues can be found in

A

walls of the heart

99
Q

smooth muscle tissues can be found in

A

mostly in hollow organs

100
Q

name the tissues that can regenerate easily

A

epithelial tissue
fibrous connective tissue
bone

101
Q

name the tissues that can regenerate poorly

A

skeletal muscle
cartilage

102
Q

name the tissues that can replace largely w scar tissues

A

cardiac muscle
nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

103
Q

which cells are very cellular and compact

A

epithelial

104
Q

what are the functions of epithelium cells

A

protection
absorption
secretion
sensory reception
excretion
lubrication

105
Q

cell connections that mechanically bind epithelial cells together

A

desmosomes

106
Q

bind cells to the basement membrane

A

hemidesmoomes

107
Q

it is a barrier to movement of molecules or ions between epithelia cells

A

tight junctions

108
Q

it allows for intercellular interactions

A

gap junctions

109
Q

composed of epithelium supported by a network of CT

A

glands

110
Q

endocrine produces chemicals called

A

hormone

111
Q

what is a ductless glands and an extensive network of blood vessels

A

endocrine

112
Q

what is categorized on the basis of their structure and mode of secretion

A

exocrine

113
Q

it refers to the tube in contact with the epithelial tissue free surface

A

duct

114
Q

what is secretory portion

A

it is responsible for producing the secretory material

115
Q

what are the 3 types of exocrine glands

A

unicellular
multicellular
compound

116
Q

what are the 4 types of structural subtype of multicellular in exocrine glands

A

simple tubular
simple branched tubular
simple acinar
simple branched acinar

117
Q

name the tubular that
glands formed a straight tube with no branching of the secretory portion

A

simple tubular

118
Q

name the tubular that
has several tubular secretory portions branching from the single duct

A

simple branched tubular

119
Q

name the tubular that
has glands with a single saclike secretory portion

A

simple acinar

120
Q

name the tubular that
has glands with several acinar secretory portions branching from the single duct

A

simple branched acinar

121
Q

what are the 3 types of structural subtype of compound in exocrine glands

A

compound tubular
compound acinar
compound tubuloacinar

122
Q

name the tubular that
has glands with multiple ducts, each with a narrow tubular secretory portion

A

compound tubular

123
Q

name the tubular that
has glands with multiple ducts, each with several saclike secretory portions

A

compound acinar

124
Q

name the tubular that
has glands with multiple ducts, each with several tubular acinar secretory portions

A

compound tubulacinar

125
Q

what are the 3 modes of secretions

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

126
Q

what mode of secretion that
releases secretory products through exocytosis

A

merocrine

127
Q

what mode of secretion that
release of secretory products when a portion of the free surface of the epithelial cell pinches off

A

apocrine

128
Q

what mode of secretion that
release of secretory products through shedding of entire cells

A

holocrine

129
Q

what mode of secretion is the most common

A

merocrine

130
Q

what consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix

A

CT

131
Q

what are the functions of CT (anaphy lec)

A

enclosing and seperating other tissue
connecting tissues to another
supporting and moving parts of the body
storing compounds
cushioning and insulating
transporting
protecting

132
Q

what consists of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides

A

proteoglycans

133
Q

what are the 2 classification of connective tissues

A

embryonic
adult

134
Q

in CT proper, which has fewer fibers and more ground subs

A

loose CT

135
Q

in CT proper, which has more fibers and less ground subs

A

dense CT

136
Q

what are the 2 supporting CT

A

cartilage
bone

137
Q

name the fluid CT

A

blood

138
Q

what type of CT that has large protein fibers

A

dense CT

139
Q

cartilage is composed of

A

chrondrycotes

140
Q

collagen in the matrix gives cartilage…

A

flexibility and strength

141
Q

what is a hard CT that consists of living cells and a internalized matrix

A

bone

142
Q

bone cells are called

A

osteocytes

143
Q

name the type of bone that has space between trabeculate or plates of bones

A

spongy bone

144
Q

name the type of bone that has more solid and almost no space between many thin layers or mineralized matrix

A

compact bone

145
Q

what is the function of blood

A

transport oxygen, CO2, hormones, nutrients and other substances

146
Q

what tissues forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves

A

nervous tissue

147
Q

what tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

A

nervous tissue

148
Q

what has a thin sheet of layers that covers a structure or lines a cavity

A

tissue membrane

149
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue membranes

A

cutaneous membrane
mucous
serous
synovial

150
Q

what membrane lines the cavities that open to the outside of the body

A

mucous membrane

151
Q

mucous membrane is found at…

A

digestive,
respiratory,
reproductive tracts

152
Q

which membrane consists of epithelial cells, their basement membrane and a thick layer of loose CT

A

mucuous membrane

153
Q

which membrane lines cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body

A

serous membrane

154
Q

where can serous membrane be found

A

pericardial,
pleural,
and peritoneal cavities

155
Q

which membrane protects the internal organs from friction

A

serous membranes

156
Q

which membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints

A

synovial membrane

157
Q

which membrane produces synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

158
Q

what are the effects of the tissue damage and inflammation

A

redness
heat
swelling
pain
disturbance of functions

159
Q

substitution of viable cells for dead cells

A

tissue repair

160
Q

tissues repair can occur by

A

regeneration or by replacement

161
Q

what is histopathology

A

study of the changes in the microscopic structures of tissues

162
Q

epithelial may develop from

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

163
Q

all substance that enter or leave an organ must cross the…

A

epithelial tissue first

164
Q

basement membrane in the epithelium separates the

A

epithelial tissues from underlying CT

165
Q

what structure in the epithelium that
provides structural support for the epithelium and binds it to neighboring structures

A

basement membrane

166
Q

which structure in epithelium
that has a thin layer of loose CT immediately beneath the epithelium (underlying the basement membrane)

A

lamina propia

167
Q

impermeable junctions (most apical junctions)

A

tight junctions

168
Q

function of tight junctions is to form

A

seal that prevents the flow of materials between epithelial cells in either way

169
Q

whichjunctions hold cell tgt to prevent lateral tearing of tissues and provide mechanical attachment

A

adhering junctions

170
Q

which junctions is a mediate intercellular communication

A

gap/ communicating junctions

171
Q

gap/ communicating junctions can occur almost anywhere along the

A

lateral membranes of most epithelia cells and present in
nerves, smooth, muscle and epithelia

172
Q

what are the 3 things that can be found in luminal/ apical surfaces

A

microvilli
cilia
stereocilia

173
Q

in luminal/ apical structure
what structure is a minute finger-like extension or folds about 0.5-1cm micrometer high and 0.08 micrometer wide

A

microvilli

174
Q

microvilli increases the cell surface area available for

A

absorption

175
Q

which btwn microvilli and cilia
has a brush boarder appearance

A

microvilli

176
Q

in luminal/ apical structure
what structure is an elongated, motile structure

A

cilia

177
Q

in luminal/ apical structure
what structure has about 5-10cm long and 0,2 micrometers in diameter

A

cilia

178
Q

in luminal/ apical structure
what structure has a long, nonmotile process of cells of the epididymis and vas deferens, hair cells of the inner ear

A

sterocilia

179
Q

what type of epithelia is ciliated with goblet cells

A

pseudostratified columnar

180
Q

exocrine are secretory products delivers through

A

a system ducts

181
Q

secretory portion contains

A

secretory cells

182
Q

in pseudostratified columnar, the cilia ‘sweeps’ what

A

the bacteria-laden mucus up

183
Q

in pseudostratified columnar, the cilia ‘sweeps’ the bacteria-laden mucus up to where

A

up the respiratory tract towards the pharynx where it can be swallowed

184
Q

transitional epithelium is also known as

A

uroepithelium

185
Q

which cells in secretory portion is thin and watery

A

serous cells

186
Q

which cells in secretory portion is thick and secretion

A

mucous cells

187
Q

endocrine release their products into the

A

blood or lymph (hormones)

188
Q

in exocrine, according to the nature of secretion
which is thick or viscid secretion

A

mucous glands

189
Q

which secretory portion is intestinal glands

A

simple tubular glands

190
Q

which secretory portion is sweat glands

A

coiled-tubular glands

191
Q

which secretory portion is mammary glands

A

compound acinar glands

192
Q

which secretory portion is salivary gland

A

compound tubuloaciunar glands

193
Q

what is the pairs of major salivary glands called

A

submaxillary/ submandibular glands

2023 SEM 1 ANAPHY (LEC) (15 decks)

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