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Histopath LEC > CELLULAR INJURY AND CELL DEATH > Flashcards

CELLULAR INJURY AND CELL DEATH Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

• Alteration in cell structure or function due to stress or pathologic stimuli
• This is the most common response of the cells in almost all types of diseases.

A

CELLULAR INJURY

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2
Q

CAUSES OF CELLULAR INJURY

A

HPCIING

Hypoxia
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents and Drugs
Infectious Agents
Immunologic Reactions
Nutritional Imbalances
Genetic Abnormalities

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3
Q

There is loss of oxygen level on that specific organ or on that specific cell

A

Hypoxia

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4
Q

This can be due to accidents or any form of physically-induced type of injury

A

Physical Agents

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5
Q

Chemical and drugs that can be harmful to the body

A

Chemical Agents and Drugs

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6
Q

• Bacteria, parasites, and the viruses.

A

Infectious Agents

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7
Q

• Allergies

A

Immunologic Reactions

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8
Q

• Comes from parents; passed to you during pregnancy

A

Genetic Abnormalities

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9
Q

There is no homeostasis on the tissues that resulted to cellular injury

A

Nutritional Imbalances

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10
Q

MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS

A

• Generalizing swelling of cells and organelles

• Blebbing of plasma membranes

• Detachment of ribosomes from ER

• Clumping of nuclear chromatin

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11
Q

• The first and foremost or the earliest manifestation of cell iniurv

A

Generalizing swelling of cells and organelles

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12
Q

This one is due to increase in the number of free radicals and the plasma membrane will now protrude.
The protruded portion of the lasma membrane is called the Blebs.

A

Blebbing of plasma membranes

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13
Q

The ribosomes wil now be detached on the endopasmic reticulum, specifically the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Detachment of ribosomes from ER

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14
Q

Cell injury vs Cell suicide

A

Necrosis vs Apoptosis

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15
Q

Cell size

A

Apoptosis: Reduced
Necrosis: Enlarged

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Apoptosis: Intact
Necrosis: Disrupted

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17
Q

Cellular contents

A

Apoptosis: Intact
Necrosis: Enzymatic digestion

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18
Q

Adjacent inflammation

A

Apoptosis: No
Necrosis: Frequent

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

Apoptosis: Fragmentation into nucleosome size
Necrosis: PKK (Pyknosis > Karyorrhexis > Karyolysis)

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20
Q

Physiologic or Pathological

A

Apoptosis: Physiologic
Necrosis: Pathologic

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21
Q

(clumping) nucleosome-size
-> fragments (fragmentation) ->
(dissolution)

A

Pyknosis

Karyorrhexis

Karyolysis

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22
Q

-• Induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destine to die activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own proteins and nuclear DNA

A

APOPTOSIS

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23
Q

Presence of cleaved _______ is a marker for cells undergoing apoptosis

A

active caspases

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24
Q

These are cysteine proteases that can cleave the aspartic residue.

A

CASPASES

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25
Apoptosis Cells break up into______, which are tasty targets for_____
apoptotic bodies phagocyte
26
• The outcome usually of the cells that undergo ***apoptotic death*** is_____, the cell membranes and components are still_____, and there is no any form of_____.
shrunken intact leakage
27
The cause of this one can be hypoxia, physical agents, chemical agents, or biological products
Apoptosis
28
REASONS IN FOLLOWING CONDITIONS
Physiologic Pathologic
29
• Eliminates cells that are no longer needed or those that have served their purposes • Its timespan is alread finished
PHYSIOLOGIC
30
• Eliminates cells that are injured beyond repair without eliciting host reaction
PATHOLOGIC
31
• Consequence of severe injury
NECROSIS
32
TYPES OF ***NECROSIS*** ACCORDING TO LOCATION OR EXTENT
Focal Massive
33
Necrosis ______ The inflammation or the injury only happened on the certain area of the body ______ The inflammation or the injury is widespread.
FOCAL MASSIVE
34
TYPES OF ***NECROSIS*** ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGY
Coagulative Liquefactive Gangrenous Caseous Fat Fibrinoid
35
• Tissue is firm because architecture is preserved
COAGULATIVE
36
• Eosinohilic due to denaturation and precipitation of cellular proteins AND enzymes
COAGULATIVE
37
Occurs on affected tissue when vessel is obstructed leading to ischemia (except brain)
Coagulative
38
- localized area of necrosis
Infarct
39
Main cause of coagulative
Ischemia
40
• lack/low oxygen supply on organ/tissue
ISCHEMIA
41
This ty of necrosis appears to be firm. It looks like it was cooked. The tissues will appear dull or dirty.
Coagulative
42
Tissue becomes liquid viscous mass due to digestion of dead cells
Liquefactive
43
This can lead to pus formation. There is liquefaction. There is a softening of an infected part.
Liquefactive
44
Occurs during microbial infection
Liquefactive
45
It appears creamy yellow because of pus
Liquefactive
46
Liquefactive necrosis affects
Central Nervous System
47
This is considered as a "massive tissue death"
Gangrenous
48
Due to ischemia (loss of blood suppy); may be superimosed with bacterial infection
Gangrenous
49
Combination of coagulation and liquefaction necrosis
Gangrenous
50
Two Types of Gangrenous Necrosis:
Dry gangrene Wet gangrene
51
arterial occlusion and ischemic type of necrosis.
Dry gangrene
52
There is a sharp demarcation line. The demarcation line determines up to what extent the gangrene is.
Dry gangrene
53
Gangrene As to the odor, it is less foul because there is less bacterial action.
Dry gangrene
54
Gangrene This is a venous occlusion and the odor
Wet gangrene
55
Gangrene more foul because there is increased bacterial actions plus ischemic injury. The appearance looks like it is rottening.
Wet gangrene
56
Gangrene There is no sharp demarcation line.
Wet gangrene
57
Gangrene occlusion
Dry: Arterial Wet: Venous
58
Gangrene odor
Dry: less foul Wet: more foul
59
Demarcation line
Dry: Sharp Wet: None
60
• Cheese-like • Friable white appearance of necrotic area
CASEOUS
61
CASEOUS Seen in
tuberculosis, granuloma
62
Fat destruction due to______
pancreatic lipase
63
Lipase splits the neutral fats into____&_____ without affecting the cell membrane
fatty acids (FA) and glycerol
64
____ + ____ = Chalky-white areas soap-like appearance (fat saponification)
Fatty Acids + Calcium
65
FAT seen in
Acute pancreatitis
66
• Seen in immune reactions when antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in walls of arteries
FIBRINOID
67
Antigen + Antibody
Immune complex
68
Immune complex + fibrin=_______ bright pink and amorphous appearance in H&E staining.
fibrinoid
69
Fibrinoid = _____ + ______
Immune complex (antigen+antibody) + Fibrin

Histopath LEC (37 decks)

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