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NURS 106 > Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology is the study of:

A

Cells

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2
Q

Somatic cells are

A

All body cells except sex cells

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3
Q

Examples of sex cells are

A

Sperm, oocytes

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4
Q

The functions of the cell membrane are:

A
  • To separate the cell from extracellular fluid
  • Control the exchange of matter
  • Provide structural support
  • Detect change through receptors
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5
Q

The function of cholesterol in the cell membrane is:

A

Support the membrane to stay firm but flexible

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6
Q

Generally, proteins are able to drift around the cell membrane, this is called ____ ____

A

membrane flow

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7
Q

Some proteins are confined to specific areas on the membrane called ____

A

rafts

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8
Q

Integral proteins can be found:

A

Embedded within the membrane

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9
Q

Peripheral proteins can be found:

A

Bound to either the inner or outer surface

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10
Q

The function of carrier proteins are to:

A

Transport specific solutes across the membrane

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11
Q

The function of anchoring proteins are to:

A

Stabilize structures

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12
Q

The function of recognition proteins are to:

A

Identify and label cells that are either normal or abnormal

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13
Q

The function of receptor proteins are to:

A

Bind and respond to ligands (specific ions or hormones)

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14
Q

The function of protein channels are to:

A

Regulate water, ion and other small solutes flow

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15
Q

The function of gated protein channels are to:

A

Open/close for specific solutes

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16
Q

Membrane-bound enzymes ____ reaction by ____ the required activation energy

A

catalyze, lowering

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17
Q

Describe the characteristics of a tight junction

A
  • Membranes are tightly joined and fused together

- Highly selective barrier

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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of a desmosome

A
  • Anchoring junction that is most common in the body

- Consist of plaque & strong filaments

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19
Q

Tight junctions can be found in:

A

Epithelial tissue

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20
Q

Desmosomes can be found in:

A

Skin, cardiac muscle, lining of uterus

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21
Q

Describe the characteristics of gap junctions:

A
  • Communicating junction that has a channel between the membranes
  • Linked by connexons
  • Allow ions + small water soluble molecules to pass
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22
Q

Gap junctions can be found in:

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

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23
Q

Glycocalyx is a:

A

membrane carbohydrate

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24
Q

The function of glycocalyx is:

A
  • Lubricate + protect the membrane
  • Anchor cell in place and locomotion
  • Receptor for binding
  • Recognition for immune response
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25
Microvilli contain:
Microfilaments
26
Microvilli are ____ of the membrane that ____ surface area for ____ of nutrients
Extensions, increase, absorption
27
Cilia contain:
Microtubules
28
The two types of cilia are:
Primary and motile cilia
29
The function of primary cilia are to:
Act as a sensor
30
The function of motile cilia are to:
Move materials over the surface of the cell
31
The cell membrane is a ____ bilayer
phospholipid
32
The three components of cytoplasm are:
Cytsol, organelles, inclusions
33
The four non-membranous organelles are:
Cytoskeleton, centrosomes & centrioles, ribosomes, and proteasomes
34
The six membranous organelles are:
Endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
35
The function of the cytoskeleton is:
- Provide strength support to the cell | - Move cellular structures + materials
36
The components of the cytoskeleton are:
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, cilia, flagella
37
Microfilaments are made of ____ and attach the membrane to the ____
actin, cytoplasm
38
Intermediate filaments are found between ____ and ____
microfilaments, microtubules
39
Microtubules are made of ____ and extend from the ____
tubulin, centrosome
40
The function of intermediate filaments are to:
Stabilize the position of organelles and the cell
41
The function of microtubules are to:
Move chromosomes during cell division
42
The function of centrosomes and centrioles are to:
Move chromosomes during cell division
43
Ribosomes are the site of ____ synthesis
protein
44
The function of proteasomes are:
The breakdown and recycling of damaged proteins
45
The ER is composed of tubes and chambers called:
Cisternae
46
The 4 functions of the ER are:
- Synthesis of protein, carbohydrates + lipids - Store synthesized products - Transport molecules within ER - Detoxification of drugs/toxins
47
The function of the rough ER is:
- Modify synthesized proteins | - Send proteins to Golgi apparatus in transport vesicles
48
The function of the smooth ER:
Synthesize phospholipids + cholesterol
49
The function of the Golgi apparatus is:
- Storage, alteration, and packaging of hormones, enzymes. and lysosomes - Add/remove carbohydrates to/from protein - Modifies membrane
50
The function of lysosomes are:
To remove damaged organelles and pathogens
51
Lysosomes are:
Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
52
Describe autolysis
Occurs when the regulatory mechanism for lysosomes is damaged and the lysosomes disintegrate, causing the digestive enzymes to be released into the cytoplasm and destroy the cell's organelles
53
The function of peroxisomes are:
- The catabolize of fats + other organic compounds | - Neutralizes toxic by-products (hydrogen peroxide) formed during catabolism
54
The function of mitochondria are to:
Produce ATP
55
The function of the nucleus is:
Control of metabolism, protein synthesis & storage and processing of genetic info.
56
Vaults are large ribonucleoproteins, what is their function?
- Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport - mRNA localization - Drug resistance - Cell signalling
57
The function of inclusions are:
Storage of nutrients in membrane bound vacuoles
58
The three types of cell adhesions are:
Tight junction, desmosome, gap junction
59
Describe passive (simple) diffusion
Lipid-soluble substances moving down the concentration gradient
60
When is assisted membrane transport used?
When molecules (large, non-lipid soluble) can't cross the plasma membrane on their own so the cell needs to provide them a mechanism to do so.
61
What are the five factors that influence rate of diffusion?
Distance, molecule size, temperature, concentration gradient, electrical gradient
62
Secondary active transport means it gets its energy _________ from ATP.
indirectly
63
What is the formula for net diffusion?
(Diffusion from A to B) - (Diffusion from B to A)
64
Osmotic pressure is:
The force of water moving into an area with high solute concentration
65
What are the 2 types of secondary active transport?
Co-transport & counter-transport.
66
Passive carrier-mediated transport facilitates the transfer of a substance cross the membrane ____ the concentration gradient and ______ require energy.
with, doesn't
67
Co-transport means that 2 molecules are moving in the ____ direction across the membrane.
same
68
Counter-transport means 2 molecules are moving in ________ directions across the membrane.
opposite/different
69
Describe filtration
Transport of water and molecules due to hydrostatic pressure
70
Describe osmosis
Movement of water down the concentration gradient
71
What are 3 important characteristics of carrier-mediated diffusion?
1. Specificity (specific substances need specific carriers) 2. Saturation (there are a limited number of carriers) 3. Competition (more than 1 substance using the same carrier)
72
Vesicular transport is an ______ form of membrane transport and ____ energy.
active, uses/needs
73
Exocytosis is where a substance is taken ___ of a cell.
out
74
What are the 3 types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis & receptor-mediated.
75
Exocytosis is where a substance is taken ___ of a cell.
out
76
Hydrostatic pressure is:
The force of water moving out of an area with low solute concentration
77
Define tonicity
The concentration of solute in the extracellular fluid and how it effects the volume/shape of a cell
78
In an isotonic solution, the cell volume:
Remains constant
79
In a hypotonic solution, which contains ____ solute, the cell volume ____
less, increases
80
In a hypertonic solution, which contains ____ solute, the cell volume ____
more, decreases

NURS 106 (22 decks)

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