Endocrine System

Question 1

Glands secrete ____ that travel through blood to ____ cells which have specific ____

Answer 1

hormones, target, receptors

Question 2

What are the 2 general chemical categories of hormones?

Answer 2

Hydrophilic & lipophilic

Question 3

What are the 2 types of hydrophilic hormones?

Answer 3

Peptide hormones & catecholamines

Question 4

Peptide hormones are chains of ____ ____ while catecholamines are ____

Answer 4

amino acids, cholesterol

Question 5

What are the 2 types of lipophilic hormones?

Answer 5

Steroid & thyroid hormone

Question 6

What are the 3 methods that hormones can influence other hormones?

Answer 6

• Permissiveness
• Synergism
• Antagonism

Question 7

Describe permissiveness

Answer 7

One hormone must be adequately present for full exertion of another hormone’s effect

Question 8

Describe synergism

Answer 8

• Complimentary action of several hormones

- Combined effect > sum of separate effects

Question 9

Describe antagonism

Answer 9

Hormones working against each other

Question 10

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as ___hypophysis while the anterior is also known as ___hypophysis

Answer 10

neuro, adeno

Question 11

The posterior pituitary gland is composed of what type of tissue?

Answer 11

Nervous

Question 12

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store & release?

Answer 12

ADH (vasopressin) & oxytocin

Question 13

What is the function of ADH?

Answer 13

Conserve water during urine formation

Question 14

What is the function of oxytocin?

Answer 14

Stimulates uterine contraction during birth + milk secretion during breast-feeding

Question 15

The anterior pituitary gland is composed of what type of tissue?

Answer 15

Glandular epithelial

Question 16

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 16

• TSH
• ACTH
• Growth hormone
• LH
• FSH
• Prolactin

Question 17

What are the 2 pituitary glands regulated by?

Answer 17

Hypothalamus

Question 18

What are 2 disorders related to ADH secretion?

Answer 18

SIDAH & diabetes insipidus

Question 19

Diabetes insipidus is ___secretion of ADH while SIDAH is ___secretion of ADH

Answer 19

hypo, hyper

Question 20

Where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

In the neck

Question 21

Describe the structure of the thyroid gland?

Answer 21

2 lobes joined in the middle

Question 22

The thyroid is made of ____ cells and _ cells

Answer 22

follicular, C

Question 23

What 2 thyroid hormones do the follicular cells produce?

Answer 23

§ Tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine) & Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Question 24

What do C cells secrete?

Answer 24

Calcitonin

Question 25

Thyroid hormone is ___philic

Answer 25

lipo

Question 26

What is the general function of thyroid hormone?

Answer 26

Alter protein synthesis in target cell

Question 27

What are 4 specific effects of thyroid hormone?

Answer 27

- Effect metabolic rate & heat production (calorigenic) - Body growth (GH) - Nervous system growth & normal function - Sympathomimetic effect

Question 28

What are 4 abnormalities of thyroid function?

Answer 28

- Hypothyroidism - Cretinism - Myxedema - Hyperthydroidism

Question 29

What are 3 potential causes of hypothyroidism?

Answer 29

- Primary failure of thyroid gland - Secondary deficiency of TRH and/or TSH - Insufficient supply of iodine

Question 30

What causes cretinism?

Answer 30

Hypothyroidism from birth

Question 31

What is the treatment for myxedema?

Answer 31

Replacement therapy + dietary iodine

Question 32

What causes hyperthyroidism?

Answer 32

Grave's disease

Question 33

What ion does parathyroid hormone increase levels of in the plasma?

Answer 33

Calcium

Question 34

What are the effects of parathyroid hormone of the bones, kidneys and intestine

Answer 34

- Bones: bone dissolution - Kidneys: conserve Ca2+ & eliminate PO4 - Intestine: promotes absorption of Ca + PO4

Question 35

Where are the adrenal glands?

Answer 35

Above each kidney in a capsule of fat

Question 36

What are the 2 components of an adrenal gland from outer most to inner most?

Answer 36

Adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla

Question 37

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 37

- Zona glomerulosa - Zona fasciculata - Zona reticularis

Question 38

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

Answer 38

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

Question 39

Aldosterone is synergistic with which other hormone?

Answer 39

ADH

Question 40

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

Answer 40

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

Question 41

What are 4 metabolic effects that cortisol has?

Answer 41

- Survival during fasting - Stimulates gluconeogenesis - Stimulates protein degradation - Facilitates lipolysis

Question 42

Hypersecretion of cortisol can lead to:

Answer 42

Cushing's syndrome

Question 43

Hyposecretion of cortisol can lead to:

Answer 43

Addison's disease

Question 44

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

Answer 44

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

Question 45

What is DHEA?

Answer 45

An adrenal sex hormone

Question 46

Is DHEA significant in males or females?

Answer 46

Females

Question 47

What is the function of DHEA in females?

Answer 47

- Growth of pubic + axillary hair - Enhancement of pubertal growth spirt - Development & maintenance of female sex drive

Question 48

In general, what type of hormone does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 48

Steroid hormones

Question 49

What hormone does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 49

Catecholamines (epinephrine + norepinephrine)

Question 50

What are the 3 functions of catecholamines?

Answer 50

- Fight-or-flight responses - Maintenance of arterial BP - Increases blood glucose and blood fatty acids

Question 51

Where is the pancreas?

Answer 51

In the abdomen, behind the stomach

Question 52

What are the 4 endocrine cells (islets of langerhans) found in the pancreas?

Answer 52

- Beta cells - Alpha cells - Delta cells - PP cells

Question 53

What is the function of the B cells?

Answer 53

Site of insulin synthesis + secretion

Question 54

What is the function of A cells?

Answer 54

Produce glucagon

Question 55

What is the function of D cells?

Answer 55

Site of somatostatin synthesis

Question 56

What event is a release of D cells in direct response to?

Answer 56

Increase of blood sugar + amino acids during absorption of meal

Question 57

What is the function of PP cells?

Answer 57

Secrete polypeptide

Question 58

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 58

Promotes absorption of glucose

Question 59

Diabetes insipidus is an insufficiency of ___ while diabetes mellitus is an insufficiency of ___

Answer 59

ADH, insulin

Question 60

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 60

Epithalamus

Question 61

Where is the thymus gland located?

Answer 61

Upper front part of the chest, behind the sternum and in front of the heart

Question 62

What is the function of the thymus gland?

Answer 62

Site of T cell maturation (adaptive immune system)

Question 63

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Answer 63

Produces melatonin (regulates sleep cycles)