Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

Define matter

Answer 1

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Question 2

Matters is made up of ______

Answer 2

atoms

Question 3

The atomic number is the number of:

Answer 3

Protons

Question 4

________ can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a _______.

Answer 4

Monomers, polymer

Question 5

The atomic mass is the number of ______ + the number of ______

Answer 5

protons, neutrons

Question 6

Polymers are formed through ___________ _________.

Answer 6

Dehydration synthesis

Question 7

Polymers are broken down into monomers through __________.

Answer 7

Hydrolysis

Question 8

Biomolecules are synthesized by ______ _________ and contain ______ atoms.

Answer 8

Living organisms, carbon

Question 9

Define a carbohydrate

Answer 9

Biomolecules that contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio

Question 10

Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide.

Answer 10

Mono: glucose or fructose

Di: sucrose

Poly: cellulose, glycogen

Question 11

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

Answer 11

Primary energy source for the body

Question 12

Define a lipid.

Answer 12

Hydrophobic biomolecule generally with C and H in a 1:2 ratio

Question 13

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

Answer 13

Monomer: monosaccharide

Polymers: disaccharide & polysaccharide

Question 14

What are the monomers and polymers of a lipid?

Answer 14

Monomers: fatty acids & glycerol

Polymers: glycerides

Question 15

Fatty acids may be _________ or ___________.

Answer 15

Saturated or unsaturated

Question 16

Name 2 important lipids.

Answer 16

Eicosanoids (leukotrienes & prostaglandins) and steroids

Question 17

What are some functions of lipids?

Answer 17

Energy storage/alternate energy source when carbs aren’t available, communication & protection

Question 18

Define a protein.

Answer 18

Biomolecules made out of chains of amino acids.

Question 19

What are some examples of proteins in the body?

Answer 19

Enzymes, muscle proteins, antibodies.

Question 20

What are the 3 components of nucleotides?

Answer 20

5C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group(s), nitrogenous base (purines or pyrimidines)

Question 21

Briefly describe protein synthesis.

Answer 21

Transcription in nucleus produces an mRNA molecule which is modified and enters the cytoplasm for translation. The mRNA is translated into a polypeptide protein with the help of a ribosome and tRNA molecule.

Question 22

What are some functions of nucleotides?

Answer 22

Energy transfer within cells (ATP → ADP), messenger signals for cell to do something, expression of genetic info (by nucleic acids)

Question 23

An ionic bond involves the ______ of electrons

Answer 23

transfer

Question 24

An ion with a positive charge is called a:

Answer 24

Cation

Question 25

An ion with a negative charge is called a:

Answer 25

Anion

Question 26

A covalent bond involves the _______ of electrons

Answer 26

sharing

Question 27

A non-polar covalent bond is when the electrons are distributed ______

Answer 27

equally

Question 28

A polar covalent bond is when the electrons are distributed ______

Answer 28

unequally

Question 29

A hydrogen bond is a type of ______ bond between a hydrogen and the elements, _____

Answer 29

polar (dipole-dipole), Fluoride, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Question 30

A chemical reaction is the ______ and/or ______ of bonds

Answer 30

formation, breaking

Question 31

Explain how RNA is produced from DNA

Answer 31

RNA is produced from DNA using the enzyme RNA polymerase, which binds to a DNA strand to create a complementary copy.

Question 32

What are the different types of RNA?

Answer 32

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Question 33

What is mRNA?

Answer 33

Messenger RNA: an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein

Question 34

What is tRNA?

Answer 34

Transfer RNA: carries amino acids around during translation.

Question 35

What is rRNA?

Answer 35

Ribosomal RNA: non-coding-primary component of ribosomes that carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes

Question 36

What is snRNA?

Answer 36

Nuclear RNA: responsible for forming splicesomes, synthesized by RNA polymerase II.

Question 37

What are the phases of mitosis?

Answer 37

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 38

What are the phases of meiosis?

Answer 38

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

Question 39

Using AB, demonstrate a decomposition reaction (catabolism)

Answer 39

AB --> A + B

Question 40

Using AB, demonstrate a synthesis reaction (anabolism)

Answer 40

A + B --> AB

Question 41

Using ABCD, demonstrate an exchange reaction

Answer 41

AB + CD --> AD + CB

Question 42

An inorganic compound is an ______ compound that usually doesn't contain ______ or ______

Answer 42

ionic, Carbon, Hydrogen

Question 43

An organic compound is a ______ compound that usually contains ______ or ______

Answer 43

molecular, Carbon, Hydrogen

Question 44

Using AB, demonstrate a reversible reaction

Answer 44

A + B ⇄ AB

Question 45

What is the macromolecule polymer of nucleotides?

Answer 45

Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

Question 46

What are 4 key differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 46

- Somatic cells vs sex cells - 2 daughter cells identical to parent vs 4 daughter cells non-identical to parent - Ploidy maintained vs ploidy reduced by 1/2 - 1 division cycle vs 2 division cycles

Question 47

A ______ dissolves in a _______ to form a solution

Answer 47

solute, solvent

Question 48

Electrolyte are ______ ______ in water that conduct _______

Answer 48

charged ions, electricity

Question 49

Osmotic pressure (OP) is the:

Answer 49

Amount of solute in the solvent

Question 50

Hydrophobic means that it is ______ in water

Answer 50

insoluble

Question 51

Hydrophilic means that it is _____ in water

Answer 51

soluble